Shark Control Program scientific working group

The Shark Control Program Scientific Working Group (the group) met on 3 May 2023 to review the results of the first phase of the Catch Alert Drumline (CAD) trial.

The Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (the department) provided a presentation on the results of the first phase of the CAD trial. The trial was conducted between 24 January 2022 and 23 January 2023 at 4 beaches on the Capricorn Coast in central Queensland:

• Mulambin Beach
• Tanby Point
• Fisherman's Beach
• Emu Park Beach.

Eleven Catch Alert Drumlines (CADs) were alternated with 11 Modified Traditional Drumlines (MTDs) enabling a comparison of catches and survival of marine fauna caught on the 2 drumline types. Traditional drumlines (TDs) throughout the Shark Control Program use a J-style hook and chain trace. The MTDs used in this trial used the same trace and hook as the CADs (circle hook and wire trace) to ensure results were comparable.

Key findings

• A total of 99 animals were caught on the 11 MTDs and 66 animals on the 11 CADs during the trial. Three species comprised ~85% of the total catch:
  • bull whalers (n=70)
  • pigeye whalers (n=51)
  • tiger sharks (n=19).
• MTDs caught more target sharks than CADs, however a significant number of these were caught at night, and at dawn and dusk, when CADs were not deployed.
• Catches of target shark species were more likely during the summer months, when sea surface temperatures were highest (>25°C), irrespective of drumline type.
• The 2 most common species caught, bull whalers and pigeye whalers, were mostly small and likely use the turbid waters adjacent to the Fitzroy River for foraging and avoiding predators.
• Survival of bull and pigeye whalers was substantially higher on CADs than MTDs, due to the reduced time the animals spent hooked (mean response time of contractors was 33 minutes), and survival increased with shark size.
• Tiger shark survival was high on both drumline types: however, more data are needed for a robust statistical analysis.
• Overall, CADs increased the survival (at the point of release) of target and non-target species.
• All non-target species caught on CADs (12 animals from 9 species) were released alive.

The group discussed the results and recommended the inclusion of additional analyses comparing trial data (MTDs) with historical catch rates and size distributions (TDs). Group members were invited to provide feedback on the draft report.

The group discussed operational considerations for a trial of CADs at other program locations within the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park:

• Cairns
• Townsville
• Mackay.

Based on a site suitability assessment, Cairns was the preferred location for the expanded trial. Townsville and Mackay both presented challenges (e.g. tidal range, prevailing weather and distance covered) that may impact contractors' ability to respond quickly to CAD call outs.

The group, with consideration for available funding, endorsed an extension of the trial on the Capricorn Coast to 2025 and the addition of Cairns as a new trial location. A limited trial at Mackay would also be included to assess the impact of operational constraints identified in the site assessment. The working group also supported a trial of twice daily servicing of TDs at Townsville (weather permitting) where the ability to respond to call outs to CADs during a trial is likely to present significant challenges.

The department committed to continuing to refine the configuration of CADs to reduce the capture of small sharks and to reduce the occurrence of captured animals failing to trigger an alert.

The Shark Control Program Scientific Working Group (the Group) met on 26 and 27 October 2022.

The Group noted general updates from Queensland and New South Wales on their respective programs.

The Group noted and discussed the circumstances of one serious shark bite incident that occurred in New South Wales since the Group met in May 2022. No incidents occurred in Queensland during the same period.

The Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (the department) advised that the Shark Control Program Research Strategy (the Strategy) is under review to complement the Queensland Shark Management Plan 2021 to 2025 and to reflect emerging research priorities. The Group discussed and provided feedback on the current research priorities in the Strategy, noting that monitoring the development of new technologies should be an important ongoing focus. Expanding the social science section to include research about public sentiment, values, knowledge, perceptions, behaviour and personal decision making was discussed. How to best communicate with different audiences (including international visitors) was highlighted as an area needing further investigation. Continuing to investigate options for reducing the impact of the Program on the environment was also raised. Combining genetic analysis, such as close-kin mark-recapture techniques, with tagging and tracking to better understand populations of key shark species was also discussed. Ongoing support for the Queensland acoustic array through the Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) was highlighted. The department advised that a revised draft of the strategy incorporating the Group’s feedback will be developed for consultation with the Group.

The Group endorsed the final report ‘A Review of the Shark Control Program Target Shark Species List’ which recommended that white, tiger and bull sharks remain on the target species list (the List). The nineteen shark species currently on the List were assessed against three criteria:

Criteria 1: Is the species known to occur in coastal Queensland waters where the QSCP operates outside of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP)?

Criteria 2: Has the species been associated with unprovoked bite/s resulting in serious injury or fatality in Australia?

Criteria 3: Is the number of unprovoked bites resulting in serious injury or fatality relatively high?

The Group noted the department’s proposed phased approach to implementing the recommendations of the report. In the first phase, species that do not meet criteria 1 and 2 would be immediately removed resulting in the List being reduced to seven species (white, tiger, bull, blacktip (2 species), dusky and grey reef sharks). Phase two involves monitoring incidents until 2025 with a view to further reducing the List to three species at that time (white, tiger and bull sharks).

Some members expressed their concerns about not implementing the recommendations in full immediately. It was pointed out that that grey reef whalers rarely occur outside the GBRMP, don’t grow to a large size and none have been caught in the Program for at least the last 3 years. It was also noted that Australian blacktip sharks reach a maximum length of approximately 1.8m. For dusky sharks, it was discussed that there have only been three bites by this species in Australia, none of which occurred in Queensland, with the most recent incident occurring in 2009. The department advised that the target species list only applies to areas outside of the GBRMP and that sharks on the target species list will continue to be euthanised in accordance with the Queensland Government’s position.

The Group noted the update from the department on the proposed shark barrier trial. The department advised that following a risk assessment and site suitability assessment, beaches in central and north Queensland were assessed as unsuitable. Two beaches in far north Queensland were identified as low risk and most suitable for a shark barrier installation. As the local government did not support a trial of a shark barrier, the trial will not proceed. Some members noted their disappointment with this outcome. The department will continue to monitor advancements in technology regarding shark barriers, including beached based electronic barriers, for future consideration. The Group supported reallocating funding to other trials in the GBRMP, such as expansion of the catch alert drumline trial (subject to review of the initial trial in early 2023).

The Group received a presentation from Flinders University on the results of the testing of personal electronic deterrent devices. The researchers assessed the effects of two products on the behaviour of tiger sharks using bait and compared the results to previous research on bull and white sharks. The Group noted that both devices significantly reduced the number of bites on the bait by tiger sharks by up to 70% (on the baited experimental device), but sharks were not deterred 100% of the time. The Group discussed community sentiment around the use of personal deterrents. The Group will be consulted on the final report (which is currently in preparation) and the department will consider implementation options, noting that incorporation of messaging for high risk users in the SharkSmart education program as a likely outcome.

The Group received a presentation about the Reunion Island Shark Control Program delivered by the Scientific Coordinator for the Centre Sécurité Requin. Reunion Island is a small island in the Indian Ocean located approximately 950km off Madagascar. The history of shark bite incidents in the region that led to the establishment of the Centre and the Program was presented and discussed. The Program currently uses SMART drumlines, operated primarily at night, to target bull and tiger sharks. Research and trials of exclusion nets, deterrent barriers, drones, baited remote underwater video, detection systems and personal deterrent devices were discussed, along with communication and regulatory tools used to minimise risk.

The department provided a presentation on the SharkSmart education program including the evaluation of the 2021-22 campaign. Planned activities for 2022-23 were discussed along with current sponsorships with Sea World, Surf Life Saving Queensland and the Noosa Biosphere Reserve Foundation, enabling the extension of SharkSmart education to key audiences.

The department provided an update on research and trials delivered, funded or supported by the Program. The Group endorsed an extension of the catch alert drumline trial to June 2023 to enable the trial to continue while the evaluation is underway in early 2023. Community sentiment research about catch alert drumlines was recommended following the scientific evaluation. The Group also discussed the aims and experimental design for a bull shark drumline trial. The aim of the trial is to improve the effectiveness of drumlines for catching bull sharks with the aim of equalling the effectiveness of nets, whilst also minimising bycatch of non-target species. The group supported the trial and noted the implementation process. The group was briefed on a new research project, led by the Department of Environment and Science, investigating the prevalence, movements and behaviour of sharks around North West Island.

The department summarised operations, research and trials within the GBRMP and the Group noted the recent catch data for the GBRMP.

The Shark Control Program Scientific Working Group (the Group) met on 6 May 2022.

The Group noted general updates from Queensland and New South Wales on their respective programs. Fisheries Queensland advised that the target species review is continuing with further consultation with the Group expected to occur out of session and prior to the next meeting.

The Group noted and discussed the circumstances of serious shark bite incidents that occurred in Queensland and New South Wales (NSW) since August 2021, including two fatal incidents in NSW.

Agri-Science Queensland provided a presentation on the preliminary results of the catch alert drumline trial. The trial commenced in September 2021 at four beaches on the Capricorn Coast, within the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP). The aim of the trial is to compare catches and survival (at point of release) of marine animals caught on catch alert drumlines (CADs) and modified traditional drumlines (TDs). A total of 171 animals were caught between 9 September 2021 and 30 April 2022, including 53 bull sharks (23 on CADs; and 30 on TDs); and 19 tiger sharks (5 on CADs; and 14 on TDs). Survival of bull sharks and tiger sharks was higher on CADs than TDs, however more data is required to determine whether the difference is statistically significant for tiger sharks. The Group noted the preliminary results and endorsed an extension of the trial to 30 January 2023.

Fisheries Queensland provided an update on the planning and engagement that has been undertaken for the shark barrier trial. The Group noted progress on developing the trial and endorsed the criteria proposed for the trial, noting that the beach selection criteria may be applied differently in the longer term. Fisheries Queensland advised that engagement with local government is continuing to progress preferred trial locations in North Queensland and within the GBRMP. The Group was keen to support Fisheries Queensland with engagement with relevant local councils to ensure preferred trial locations could be accessed.

Fisheries Queensland provided a presentation on the SharkSmart education program including core campaign and targeted messaging delivered over the summer period. The Group noted that two new SharkSmart videos are currently in production aimed at campers to offshore islands and bareboat renters in the Whitsundays. The Group also noted an overview of two new education initiatives in development in partnership with Surf Life Saving Queensland and the Noosa Biosphere Reserve Foundation. The Group supported proposals for high risk water users e.g. surfers and identified spearfishers and fishers as important audiences for future targeted education initiatives. The Group also recommended delivering factual information about sharks (e.g. shark fact messaging) as part of the ongoing SharkSmart campaign.

The Group discussed opportunities to engage Aboriginal Peoples and Torres Strait Islanders in being SharkSmart and recommended that an additional member be appointed to provide advice on how to better engage with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities about shark bite mitigation in Queensland.

The Group received an update on research and trials delivered, funded or supported by the Program. The Group noted that the next phase of the SharkSmart drone trial, in partnership with Surf Life Saving Queensland, is in development, and will continue through to 2024-25. Fisheries Queensland advised that 10 beaches would be included in the next phase of the trial with new sites to be progressively rolled out before the summer school holidays. The Group supported the criteria used to identify continuing and new sites, noting that these are subject to local council and other approvals. The Group also discussed the aims and experimental design for a circle hook and a bull shark drumline trial. The aim of the circle hook trial is to compare catches of target and non-target species on circle hooks compared to “J” type hooks (current standard hook type) with the aim of reducing the impact of the Program on animals caught in the GBRMP and on non-target species caught outside the GBRMP. The objective of the bull shark drumline trial is to test alternative drumline configurations with the aim of improving the effectiveness of drumlines for catching bull sharks to the extent that they are equally as effective as nets. The experimental design will be developed further by Fisheries Queensland and presented to the Group for feedback and/or endorsement at the next meeting. The Group noted that as some new focus areas for research have emerged the existing research priorities outlined in the Shark Control Program Research Strategy should be reviewed and noted that Fisheries Queensland would raise this for discussion at the next meeting.

Fisheries Queensland summarised operations, research and trials within the GBRMP and the Group noted the recent catch data for the GBRMP.

The Shark Control Program Scientific Working Group (the Group) met on 16 December 2021.

The Group noted a general update about the Shark Control Program including the current status of key trials. Members were advised that the Queensland Shark Management Plan 2021-25 ;was approved and is now publicly available on the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries website which has been refreshed. Planning for the North Queensland barrier trial is well advanced with a project officer appointed to manage the project. The Group will be consulted in early 2022 about barrier trial site selection. The catch alert drumline trial on the Capricorn Coast commenced in September 2021. The group will be consulted on preliminary data analysis at the next meeting.

Animal Science Queensland presented the results of the 2020-21 SharkSmart drone trial (the trial). The first phase of the trial began in South East Queensland in September 2020 and expanded to North Queensland in June 2021. The first phase of the trial is now complete and under evaluation.

During the trial period, across seven beaches, 3,669 flights covering 1,468 km were completed and analysed. A total of 174 sharks were sighted including 48 large sharks estimated to be greater than 2 metres in length. Beaches were temporarily evacuated on 4 occasions where a shark sighted was deemed to pose a risk to water users. The group noted that no sharks were sighted in north Queensland during the trial with water clarity the main limiting factor. Environmental and operational factors influencing shark sightings were modelled. The likelihood of sighting a shark was higher during the first two flights of the day, during Summer and Autumn or when other fauna was present. The Group noted the comparison between drone sightings and shark catch in adjacent nets and drumlines and discussed challenges associated with comparing the two different approaches to reducing shark bite risk.

Members were invited to provide further feedback on the draft Queensland SharkSmart Drone Trial Final Report which will be finalised in early 2022.

Fisheries Queensland advised that additional funding had been committed to the SharkSmart drone trial allowing the trial to be expanded to additional beaches. Fisheries Queensland presented a draft matrix capturing key criteria to assist with site selection. Members were invited to provide feedback on the criteria and will be further consulted on site selection in early 2022.

The Group noted that SharkSmart drones are flying at six beaches over the school holiday and Australia Day period while the evaluation is underway.

The Group was advised that opportunities to incorporate the use of artificial intelligence and to trial advanced camera technologies in the future were being explored.

The next meeting is planned for March/April 2022.

The Shark Control Program Scientific Working Group (the Group) met on 24 and 25 August 2021.

The Group received an update on the draft Queensland Shark Management Plan 2021-25 (the Plan). The Plan was amended to address feedback received from Group members and during an internal government consultation process. The Plan is progressing through an internal approval process.

Members were advised that the Shark Control Program (the Program) has received additional funding to:

1. cover the increased cost of delivering the Program in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park on an ongoing basis
2. provide ongoing funding for the SharkSmart drone trial/program
3. to temporarily engage a contractor to review the end-to-end data management processes.

The Group was advised that no decision had been made about the proposed net replacement trial so there would be no changes made to the configuration of equipment during 2021. The Group will be further consulted about the proposed trial for 2022. The Group discussed claims made that the Program has increased its footprint since the commencement of the EPBC Act. Fisheries Queensland advised that the basis for these claims was unclear.

Fisheries Queensland advised that Dr Daryl McPhee was contracted to compile a range of information to inform a review of the target species list. Members noted that target species are euthanised and the target species list only applies to the operation of the Program outside of the GBRMP. Dr McPhee presented information about species occurrence in Queensland, incidence of unprovoked bites and severity of bites with a focus on those resulting in serious injuries or fatalities. The Group was invited to provide feedback on the draft report and application of the criteria used to develop the revised target species list. Members were also invited to provide advice on possible issues and risks for Fisheries Queensland to consider. NSW Fisheries advised that species targeted by the NSW program were refined over time eventually resulting in only white, bull and tiger sharks being targeted since 2016. Data quality was discussed, including the accuracy of species identification in official shark bite records and how this might be considered during the review. Members emphasised that future species identification could be improved through routine screening of genetic samples that are now being collected across the program. The Group also discussed provisioning (intentional/unintentional feeding) of sharks which may increase the risk of shark bite. Shark bites in response to provisioning would normally be considered ‘provoked’, however the person bitten may not have been involved in the provisioning behaviour. The Group recommended that the potential impact of climate change on species’ distributions be considered and the conservation status of species is acknowledged. The Group discussed issues around future shark bite incidents and how these might be assessed to inform future decisions about the target species list.

The Group noted and discussed the circumstances of several serious shark bite incidents that occurred in New South Wales since the previous meeting and noted that no serious shark bite incidents had been recorded in Queensland since the previous meeting.

The Group noted a Marine Species Protection Symposium was hosted by Noosa Biosphere Reserve Foundation (NBRF). The aim of the Symposium was to identify alternative shark bite mitigation technology suitable for trial in Noosa in line with UNESCO objectives. The Group noted and discussed the symposium report and recommendations for the following measures to be trialled in the Noosa Shire, ranked in order of preference (1) Education; (2) Drones; (3) SMART drumlines; (4) Seasonal removal of nets. Fisheries Queensland advised that a trial of targeted education in the Noosa Shire in line with the SharkSmart education program could be facilitated. This initiative was supported by the Group. The Group supported a trial of drones on Noosa Main Beach and Fisheries Queensland advised the site could be included in the next phase of the SharkSmart drone trial, subject to local government approvals. The Group noted advice that some constituents in the Noosa community are opposed to the use of drones on local beaches, with concerns relating to noise and privacy. Further, the Noosa Shire Council has not approved the operation of drones by SLSQ at Noosa to date. The Group recommended a demonstration be offered to Noosa Shire Council. The Group did not support a trial of SMART drumlines at Noosa if the Queensland Government’s policy of euthanising target shark species (outside the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park) would apply. The Group noted that nets are generally more effective at catching bull sharks than traditional drumlines at some locations and that traditional drumlines would likely be more effective than SMART drumlines for catching bull sharks as SMART drumlines are only set during daylight hours for work health safety reasons. The Group discussed options to better target bull sharks with traditional drumlines which could then be considered by government as an alternative to nets which are associated with greater levels of non-target catch. The Group also discussed using hook timers on drumlines and nets to determine when bull sharks are caught. Members noted their support for a trial to replace some nets with drumlines during the whale migration period.

Fisheries Queensland provided a presentation on the SharkSmart education program. An overview of the upcoming SharkSmart 2021/22 campaign was provided, centred around a plan of SharkSmart messages targeted to different water users in different geographic areas of Queensland. The campaign is based on three pillars:

1. advertising during school holiday periods (a key time of water use for locals and tourists)
2. SharkSmart messages targeted to geographic area and type of water based activity
3. contingency messages for when unplanned risks arise.

Fisheries Queensland sought feedback on draft SharkSmart messages for swimmers; surfers; snorkellers/divers; spearfishers; fishers and boaties to be incorporated into the SharkSmart web page. Fisheries Queensland provided an overview of the SharkSmart sponsorship with Sea World Gold Coast. SharkSmart messages will be incorporated into the Shark Bay exhibit and used in a new education trail for school groups visiting Sea World. The Group was supportive of the future approach to the SharkSmart campaign and the Sea World exhibit and education trail.

The Group received an update on research and trials delivered, funded or supported by the Program. The SharkSmart drone trial commenced in September 2020 in South East Queensland with two North Queensland sites added in June 2021. The trial will be evaluated in late 2021 with results informing the next phase of the trial/program. The catch alert drumline trial will be commencing soon on the Capricorn Coast. Planning for the barrier trial will recommence soon. Flinders University has been appointed, following an open tender process, to deliver research into the effectiveness of personal electric shark deterrent devices on tiger sharks with field work to commence later this year. The program continues to maintain acoustic receivers at Program locations to support the Queensland coastal telemetry array and is supporting several research projects conducted by University researchers and postgraduate students through the provision of specimens and biological samples. The Group discussed reviewing the research priorities at a future meeting.

Fisheries Queensland summarised operations, research and trials within the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and the Group noted the recent catch data for the GBRMP. The Group noted that following three shark bites at North West Island over a four-month period from December 2019 to April 2020 and reports of continuing shark provisioning behaviour by visitors to the island, Fisheries Queensland and the Department of Environment and Science (DES) have collaborated on an approach to reduce shark bite risk in the area. In April 2021, DES banned the dumping of fish frames, scraps and bait in waters around the island through the declaration of a Special Activity Area (SAA) around the island which extends for approximately three nautical miles. A Communication and Engagement plan has been developed to boost education and SharkSmart behaviour at North West Island and to educate visitors about the SAA. DES advised that a research project is in development involving tagging and tracking of sharks to better understand shark behaviour in the region. The Group noted feedback from the Whitsundays sub-group supporting the proposed shift to advisory, icon-based signage in Cid Harbour, similar to that in use at North West Island.

NSW Fisheries provided an update on the program in NSW. Members noted that VR4G listening stations, drones and the netting program are continuing in 2021/22. Further details of the 2021/22 program are yet to be announced by the NSW Government. NSW Fisheries continues to operate under a Memorandum of Understanding with NSW Police and Surf Life Saving NSW for shark incident response. NSW Fisheries has piloted a community support program in partnership with Rural Adversity Mental Health Program (RAMHP) and ‘Bite Club’ to respond to shark bite incidents. RAMHP counsellors and psychologists provide mental health support, while NSW Fisheries staff provide information about sharks and shark mitigation, with ‘Bite Club’ members providing emotional peer support. Feedback on the initiative has been mostly positive and constructive with NSW Fisheries seeking to formalise an arrangement with RAMHP and ‘Bite Club’ to deliver future programs.

The Group discussed recent media attention relating to the use of terminology by government departments involved in shark bite mitigation. The Group supported the use of terminology such as ‘shark bite’ and ‘incidents’ by the Program, as opposed to ‘attacks’ which can sensationalise the issue, noting that individuals can make their own decisions about the language they use.

The Group discussed the development of bite proof wetsuits, noting that NSW Fisheries has invested some funding into the development and testing of some materials.

The next meeting is planned for late November/early December 2021.

The Shark Control Program Scientific Working Group (the Group) met on 18 and 19 February 2021.

The Group received a presentation on the draft Queensland Shark Management Plan 2020-24 (the Plan). The Plan sets out the scope, focus areas and key initiatives to be implemented and evaluated to guide future shark management in Queensland. Members provided feedback on the strategic approach and guiding principles in the plan and were invited to provide further feedback in writing.

The Group noted and discussed the circumstances of two serious shark bite incidents that occurred recently on the east coast of Australia. Bull sharks were believed to be responsible for both incidents. Members advised that research from 2010 indicated that reefs in the central Great Barrier Reef have resident bull shark populations that return to their natal river systems in summer. The Group noted that off duty medical professionals had been present and were often first responders at shark bite incidents in Queensland and NSW in recent years. The Group advised that Fisheries Queensland could consider developing targeted advice to high-risk water users (e.g. spearfishers), particularly in remote areas where medical support may take time to reach them. The potential to deliver tailored SharkSmart education for indigenous communities was also identified.

NSW Fisheries provided an update on the shark programs in NSW. The NSW Shark Management Strategy ended in June 2020. The NSW Government announced continued investment of $8 million in the 2020/21 Program to continue SMART drumlines at Ballina and Evans Head, drones at 34 beaches in partnership with Surf Life Saving NSW, 21 VR4G listening stations, the shark meshing program, helicopter surveillance and the SharkSmart education program. Consultation is commencing soon on the results from the 2015-2020 Shark Management Strategy to inform future shark mitigation in NSW.

Animal Science Queensland presented preliminary results of the SharkSmart Drone Trial (Drone Trial) that commenced in September 2020 and is continuing at five beaches in South East Queensland. Key statistics are published monthly on Fisheries Queensland’s website. From 19 September 2020 to 31 January 2021 a total of 1,565 drone flights were completed covering 626km. The average flight time was 19 minutes. A total of 87 sharks (including 46 leopard sharks that are not considered dangerous) were sighted, resulting in 2 beach evacuations. Shark sightings occurred on 2.5% of flights across the trial, with Ocean Beach on North Stradbroke Island having the highest number of sightings (21) and Coolum Beach North the least (0). Environmental and operational factors influencing shark sightings were modelled with wind speed negatively affecting the probability of sighting sharks while swell height positively correlated with probability of shark sightings. The Group noted the comparison between drone sightings and shark catch in adjacent nets and drumlines. It also provided feedback on the preliminary results and potential locations for expansion of the Drone Trial into north Queensland, acknowledging that water clarity is generally lower in most North Queensland locations. Fisheries Queensland confirmed that the focus for the Drone Trial is Shark Control Program locations where Surf Life Saving Queensland operates. Beach visitation is also a key consideration in determining locations. The Group discussed that the evaluation of the Drone Trial could consider human safety more generally, not just in relation to shark safety (e.g. to encompass other safety benefits such as spotting people in rip currents). The Group acknowledged that cost-benefit analysis of the Drone Trial would be an important factor for decisions at the end of the trial. The Group also discussed the value of communicating shark absence data (in addition to presence data) in increasing public awareness of the low risk of shark interactions more generally. The potential to leverage the use of images and footage collected through drone surveillance by the tourism industry was discussed, noting there are currently strict privacy procedures in place for the Drone Trial. The Group was advised that opportunities to incorporate the use of artificial intelligence and advanced camera technologies in the future were being explored.

Fisheries Queensland presented the experimental design for a SMART Drumline Trial (Drumline Trial) at four beaches in the Capricorn Coast region within the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. The primary aims of the Drumline Trial are to compare catches and survival (at point of release) of marine species caught on traditional drumlines and SMART drumlines. Members endorsed the Sampling and Analysis plan subject to the inclusion of additional information about data collection and analysis process. The revised Sampling and Analysis plan will be provided to members for final endorsement out of session and submitted to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority for approval.

Fisheries Queensland presented the plan for an evidence-based Net Replacement Trial to replace nets with drumlines during the 2021 whale migration. Members noted that the SharkSmart Drone Trial and SharkSmart education program that is underway could provide additional shark bite mitigation during the Net Replacement Trial and the department advised that further community engagement would be undertaken if approved. The Group recommended incorporating whale migration path modelling information in the Net Replacement Trial evaluation to account for annual variation. The Group supported the proposed 2021 Net Replacement Trial to reduce the risk of entanglement of Shark Control Program equipment with migrating whales.

Biopixel Oceans Foundation delivered a presentation on the completed research project Prevalence and behaviour of sharks in Cid Harbour. The research was jointly funded by the Queensland and Commonwealth Government’s, as part of the five-point plan in response to a cluster of shark bite incidents in the Whitsundays region in late 2018. A range of catch, tracking and imaging methods were used to study the prevalence and behaviour of sharks in Cid Harbour with a focus on potentially dangerous species. Eleven shark species were documented in the area, including bull sharks and tiger sharks which are potentially dangerous. Only seven bull sharks and 22 tiger sharks (including two individuals that were recaptured twice) were caught during 2,844 hours fished using single hook droplines. The research found that bull shark and tiger shark occurrence and residency was low in Cid Harbour but that Cid Harbour is part of the broader movement paths of some individuals. The Group recommended consulting with the Whitsundays sub-group for advice on how best to communicate the findings of the research to local tourism and other stakeholders.

The Group was advised that Biopixel Oceans Foundation has been contracted to continue the tagging and tracking component of the research. To value add to the continuing work, the researchers are delivering a pilot study on shark depredation in the region. The main aims of the study are to determine the species involved and the extent of shark depredation in the region. The researchers will be working with fishers using customised 360-degree camera technology and genetic sampling techniques, coupled with a custom-built app to collect data for the project. Fisheries Queensland is receiving increasing reports of shark depredation occurring across the state and the research is expected to deliver results that inform both the Shark Control Program and fisheries management.

Fisheries Queensland provided a presentation on the SharkSmart education program. An overview of initial media advertising results from the ‘Do your part. Be SharkSmart’ spring 2020 to summer 2021 campaign was provided, with a detailed campaign evaluation to be completed by the end of March and provided at the next meeting. A new approach for the next phase of the SharkSmart campaign was presented, centred around a 12-month plan of SharkSmart messages targeted to different water users in different geographic areas of Queensland, informed by a model of environmental and sociological risks. The plan will be based on three pillars 1) mass communication during holiday periods 2) planned messages based on risk and 3) contingency messages when unplanned risks arise. Members were supportive of the evidence-based approach to education and provided feedback on the sociological and environmental factors to consider, particularly for the third pillar. Members advised there would be a significant amount of work in collating the information and messaging needs to be sensitive to tourism, accurately reflect risk and potentially should include broader education about shark biology and movements.

Reef Ecologic delivered a presentation on the preliminary results from the project Boosting SharkSmart behaviour in the Whitsundays region. The project aimed to develop and market-test a behavioural change methodology to reduce the risk of shark bites in the Whitsundays. Through stakeholder workshops, priority behaviours for swimmers/snorkelers and boaters were identified. Targeted interventions, including a pre-trip video, briefing information, and strategically placed posters and stickers were implemented aimed at increasing knowledge of and adoption of the desired behaviours. The research focussed on bareboat charter operations (guests were mostly Queenslanders due to impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic) and identified a very high level of awareness of relevant SharkSmart behaviours among these users following the intervention phase. Incremental improvements in adoption of desired behaviours were observed however there is scope to expand targeted behaviour change interventions to include other tourism operators and fishers. Members discussed opportunities to engage with recreational and commercial fishers and Fisheries Queensland committed to providing opportunities to seek feedback through the relevant fishery working groups about fisher behaviour that might help to inform future behaviour change projects.

Members noted that Fisheries Queensland is currently conducting an open tender process to enter into a contract with a supplier to deliver research into the effectiveness of personal electric shark deterrent devices on tiger sharks. The successful supplier will be required to deliver a comparative assessment of the results with published research on the effectiveness of devices on white sharks and bull sharks. Once available, the results of the research will be presented to the Group.

The Group discussed a recent publication about white shark behaviour based on drone research conducted in the NSW program (Colefax et al., 2020). The Group provided advice on the potential application of the findings to the configuration of drumlines in the Shark Control Program in Queensland, noting that any changes to equipment configurations would need to consider current knowledge of shark behaviour and movements along, impacts on other non-target species and water usage (e.g. boating, swimming). It was noted that any changes to gear configurations need to be trialled before being considered for adoption in the Program. The Group also received a presentation summarising current trials and research in the Program and external projects underway and discussed opportunities to increase collaboration with external researchers.

Fisheries Queensland summarised operations, research and trials within the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and noted the recent catch data for the GBRMP. Fisheries Queensland discussed past and current human behaviour occurring at North West Island (NWI) that may affect shark bite risk in this location. Fisheries Queensland is working with the Department of Environment and Science to review policies, signage and education. Renewed advisory signage has been installed at NWI and the Group discussed the potential to transition to similar signage in Cid Harbour. The Group recommended further consultation with the Whitsundays sub-group on this last point.

The Group supported in-principle the proposed changes to the operation of the Shark Control Program Scientific Working Group and provided feedback on the draft revised terms of reference and representation. While it remains important that the Group continue to provide advice on the operation of the Shark Control Program within the GBRMP, the Group in recent times has expanded its advice to shark bite mitigation throughout Queensland and to the Queensland Government. Given this it is appropriate that the establishment and ongoing operation of the Group be modified to reflect this, whilst ensuring GBRMP permit requirements continue to be met.

Senior leaders from the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries and the Queensland Government joined the meeting for an update on a range of Shark Control Program matters. Guests were briefed on key outcomes from the meeting and took the opportunity to acknowledge the value of the evidence-based advice provided by the Group to inform policy development ensuring human safety is first and foremost.

The next Working Group meeting is planned for May/June 2021.

References

Colefax A.P., Kelaher B.P., Pagendam D.E. and Butcher P.A. (2020) Assessing White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) Behavior Along Coastal Beaches for Conservation-Focused Shark Mitigation. Front. Mar. Sci. 7:268.

he Shark Control Program (SCP) Scientific Working Group met on 11 and 18 September 2020.

The Working Group noted Al Grundy's recent election as a councillor to the Whitsunday Regional Council and that he can no longer participate as a Working Group member. The Working Group wished to acknowledge and thank Mr Grundy for his contribution over the last 12 months.

The Working Group also noted an update from Fisheries Queensland that the Terms of Reference are under review to provide a State-wide focus to the Working Group. This process is expected to be completed in late 2020 or early 2021, in consultation with the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority to ensure the SCP continues to meet its permit conditions.

The Working Group received an update on Marine Animal Release Team (MART) activities in 2020. MART have responded to 5 entanglements involving 6 whales this year. This included 3 incidents in nets on the Gold Coast and 2 incidents involving drumlines at North Stradbroke Island. Learnings from the incidents identified that drumline entanglements present substantial work health safety challenges for the MART team. The Working Group noted that whale acoustic alarms have now been installed on drumlines (previously only used on nets) since these incidents, and North Stradbroke Island will be included in the proposed circle hook trial, with the aim of reducing interactions.

NSW Fisheries provided an update on their program. The NSW Government is investing $8 million in shark mitigation, including the traditional shark netting program; funding for Surf Life Saving NSW to continue and expand drone surveillance; SMART drumlines, including an upgrade to listening stations; and community education. NSW Fisheries is also planning a community and council engagement program regarding local shark mitigation options.

The Working Group received an update on shark bite mitigation in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP). This included an update on the federal government's commitment of $4 million for the GBRMP and $1 million to assist in shark management in the Whitsundays that has now been formalised. It was also noted that Fisheries Queensland will commence detailed scoping for a SMART drumline trial in the GBRMP, at the end of 2020, for implementation in 2021.

The Working Group noted the discussion at the Whitsundays sub-group meeting on 7 September 2020 on the upcoming SharkSmart campaign, signage, drone trials and ongoing research in this area. Whitsundays sub-group members discussed their interest in the use of personal deterrent technologies. Fisheries Queensland advised that they will re-engage with experts, to discuss opportunities for options to be presented to local tourism operators. The Working Group also discussed fish aggregating devices (FADs). Fisheries Queensland confirmed that a permit application had been submitted for the installation of FADs at multiple locations in the Marine Park, including the Whitsundays. Fisheries Queensland advised the FADs were not part of the Shark Control Program. GBRMPA confirmed that the FADs permit application was under assessment.

The Working Group also noted that shark tagging by SCP contractors in the GBRMP commenced in February 2020, in accordance with GBRMP permit conditions. Fisheries Queensland also advised that letters were sent to councils in March 2020 to gauge interest in a trial installation of a shark barrier. Given the impacts of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, it is understandable that this is unlikely to be their highest priority. Fisheries Queensland have committed to re-engaging with councils and to advise Working Group members of the outcome so they can support discussions at a local level.

Fisheries Queensland provided a presentation on the SharkSmart education program that will run over the summer period. The campaign includes content across a range of communication channels. Post-campaign research will be undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of the campaign and inform ongoing improvements. The Working Group also discussed shark warning signage and noted that while there is no clear evidence about how long a site remains a higher risk, there are opportunities for a mixture of proactive and reactive signage. In particular opportunities this includes for a more coordinated approach to signage about a range of marine risks (e.g. stingers, crocodiles, sharks).

Agri-Science Queensland presented on the SharkSmart Drone Trial that has commenced in South East Queensland, in partnership with Surf Life Saving Queensland. Benefits of using drones include that this is a non-lethal measure; drones are cost-effective (compared with helicopters); they provide real-time monitoring of beaches under surveillance; and they generally have a high level of community support. The use of drones would also support lifesavers and lifeguards, enabling them to take necessary action in response to any sightings at patrolled beaches. The Working Group noted that the key objectives of the trial are to:

• use drones to proactively detect sharks at popular swimming beaches in South East Queensland (SEQ) and warn beach-goers in real time of potential threats
• test the capability of Artificial Intelligence (AI) integrated into drone software to detect and distinguish shark species at varied depths, water and weather conditions in South East Queensland
• monitor and record data about shark species, size and behaviour detected through drone monitoring.

Locations have been chosen based on the following criteria:

• avoiding beaches located in restricted airspace
• including beaches with high numbers of visitation, based on Surf Life Saving Queensland statistics
• achieving a spread of drone monitoring across SEQ
• locations close to river mouths
• locations where higher catch of sharks has occurred in the past, especially of bull sharks.

A dedicated website will show the schedule and locations of drone monitoring. The Working Group discussed operational issues associated with the use of drones for shark spotting both as part of the trial and for use during an incident response. It was noted that a number of beaches on the Gold and Sunshine coast are excluded from the trial due to being in airport exclusion zones and Greenmount Beach is also located in the airport exclusion zone. SLSQ provided advice on their experience in applying for CASA approvals for limited use of drones in these areas.

Working Group members reiterated their support for the trial, but cautioned that there was an ongoing need to promote personal responsibility and SharkSmart messages, as the risk of shark bite cannot be removed. The Working Group noted that expansion of this trial into the GBRMP would likely occur outside of stinger season, during winter 2021, following evaluation of the trial in SEQ.

The Working Group discussed a number of recent shark bites including the fatal shark bite at Greenmount on 8 September 2020. A range of anecdotal information from various community sources about environmental conditions at the time of these incidents was noted and may have contributed to a higher level of risk including dark water, time of day, presence of bait fish and diving birds. The Working Group was advised that there had been no catch in SCP equipment in the North Kirra to Greenmount locations leading up to the most recent incident. However, a number of target shark species were caught immediately after, which may be indicative of a change in environmental conditions that increased the presence of sharks in the area.

Group members provided advice about the relationship between white shark prevalence and the humpback whale migration. Members advised that whilst there was no scientific evidence to suggest a causative link between migrating white sharks and migrating whales there is strong evidence to suggest that sharks are attracted to whale carcasses and appropriate management of carcasses is important for human safety. Water temperature may be a strong driver of white shark movement and migration.

The Working Group noted, in relation to the Greenmount incident, that drones may not have been effective, given the environmental conditions and time of day, nor were they a viable option as the incident occurred in a location where the airport exclusion zone would apply. The Working Group did not provide any recommendations for specific actions to reduce risk of shark bites. However, the working Group did agree that the value of collecting accurate incident information, including identifying the likely species responsible (even if unconfirmed), would enable analysis of trends and more informed decision making. The NSW Fisheries process for collating this information was discussed, noting the need for sensitivity around engagement with people following an incident.

It was noted that the day after the fatal shark bite incident, people were back in the water at the same location where schools of bait fish were still reported to be present. It was noted that extensive market research was conducted to inform the development of the SharkSmart campaign. The research identified that there was a group of people who were either willing to accept the risk or believed it would not happen to them. Fisheries Queensland advised that post-campaign research will be conducted to evaluate the campaign’s effectiveness and this would be used to inform improvements to messaging. Members discussed box jellyfish management, noting that you can’t manage the animals in the ocean but you can influence human behaviour through science-based education. SLSQ also advised that their education activities aim to influence the behaviour of people to swim between the flags at patrolled beaches throughout Queensland.

The Working Group discussed the use of real-time acoustic receivers as a shark bite mitigation measure. It was noted that shark tagging and tracking provides valuable information about shark movements, but these sharks are only a small proportion of the entire shark population. It was noted that the use of fibre optics for receiving acoustic signals may be trialled in the future and could provide more cost-effective tracking capabilities.

It was acknowledged that the Working Group supported a trial replacement of nets with drumlines during the 2020 whale migration season. The Working Group was advised that there are sensitivities in temporarily changing the established configuration of SCP equipment that has been in place for many years, at a time when the community is focussed on recovering from the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, shark nets and drumlines will remain in their current configuration during 2020. Fisheries Queensland advised that options to replace shark nets with drumlines will be considered in 2021, once additional measures are in place (e.g. drone trials and SharkSmart education) and further community engagement has been undertaken.

James Cook University presented to the Working Group following their scientific review of SharkSmart messages and the justification for the messaging and campaign. It was noted the draft report arising from this scientific review is undergoing expert evaluation and will be circulated for feedback in due course. The final report is expected to be available in late 2020.

The next Working Group meeting is planned for December 2020.

The Shark Control Program Scientific Working Group met in Brisbane on 12 March 2020 for its 7th meeting.

Changes to the terms of reference for the group were discussed enabling the role of the group to be expanded to encompass the whole State rather than just the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. The ability to establish sub-groups, such as the Whitsundays sub-group, was also incorporated.

The group received an update from the Whitsundays sub-group, which held its first meeting on 4 March 2020. Members advised that the first meeting was well received and productive. The group heard updates from researchers on projects being undertaken in the Whitsundays and also provided advice on the priorities for the additional $1 million of funding for shark management for the Whitsundays community recently announced by the Queensland and Commonwealth Governments.

The group supported the advice from the Whitsundays sub-group about additional funding priorities, including for example, expanding the first aid training, trialling real time underwater cameras for water clarity in key snorkelling locations and risk assessments for tour operators.

The group considered priorities for the additional $4 million announced by the Australian Government towards swimmer safety in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. The announcement included funding towards:

• SMART drumline trials
• rebates to councils to install swimmer safety netting
• piloting drone surveillance
• swimmer education.

The group suggested that acoustic receivers (standard and real-time) could be deployed in key locations to capitalise on the increased tagging and trials of SMART drumlines. It was suggested real-time receivers could be deployed at sites where this is no lifesaving service or in other key areas where people are swimming or snorkelling.

The group agreed that States and research organisations should work together to ensure acoustically tagged animals can be detected on all real-time receivers Australia-wide.

The group viewed examples of swimming barriers and provided advice on the practical challenges around deploying them in Queensland locations. The group highlighted the importance of considering the potential impacts of various designs on non-target species in Queensland.

Cardno provided a summary of the effectiveness of SCP gear at various locations. The report will be provided to members following the meeting for their information. The information suggested that there are some locations where drumlines are as effective at catching dangerous sharks with significantly lower bycatch than nets. Based on the information available, the group supported trialling the replacement of some nets with drumlines over winter during the whale migration season this year. Drone trials may be considered at those locations to provide added protection. Catch data will be monitored during the trial with a full analysis post trial.

The group reviewed a range of catch analyses provided by DAF scientists.

• Identifying environmental drivers of shark movements and how they relate to catch in the Shark Control Program will help to inform management decisions. Previous research by Werry et al 2018 showed significance increase in bull shark catch when cumulative rainfall >100mm occurred in the preceding 7 days, especially near estuaries. Ryan et al 2019 found risk of bites by tiger shark was correlated with increasing rainfall. The DAF analysis found that daily and cumulative rainfall had no influence on white or tiger shark catch, except at Bundaberg where an increase in tiger shark catch with cumulative weekly rainfall was observed.
• Peak tiger shark catch occurred during autumn and winter in Townsville and Cairns with bull shark catch less seasonal. Gear deployment after historical lay periods (6 week period over summer when gear was removed), only led to an increase in catch at a small number of beaches which was confounded by the underlying seasonal trends.
• Analysis of species survival showed that scalloped and great hammerheads have the lowest survival rates of any taxa. Gold Coast nets recorded a higher catch of juveniles of these species. Gear type and service interval have a significant impact on survival of all taxa caught.

The group reviewed criteria for the target species list (outside of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park) to ensure the Shark Control Program continues to focus on species that pose the greatest risk to people in Queensland.

The group received an update on the SharkSmart market research into people’s current behaviours while undertaking water-based activities and their attitudes toward sharks. This research is informing the development of a refreshed SharkSmart education campaign. The majority of market research participants agreed they were personally responsible for their safety in the water, however there was a gap in their knowledge of the behaviours they should adopt to be SharkSmart. The education campaign will target audience segments who are most likely to accept personal responsibility and adopt the SharkSmart behaviours. Campaign messages have been designed to target water users based on their geographic area and the type of water-based activities they undertake.

The group commended DAF for the market research and the development of the SharkSmart campaign, acknowledging that the research will enable DAF to measure behaviour change over time.

The group heard from New South Wales (NSW) Department of Primary Industries regarding the NSW Shark Management Strategy. The current strategy is due to finish on 30 June 2020. Key learnings include investing more into understanding community sentiment and understanding audiences to target messaging. The NSW community had similar values to Qld where a high percentage of people accept personal responsibility for their safety in the water. The NSW education campaign includes a mobile education trailer that can travel to beaches and high profile events for face to face education. Queensland and NSW continue to collaborate on marine animal release training. NSW is continuing to develop and trial algorithms for automated shark detection using drone and camera technology. Reports on previous NSW trials are available online.

The group received an update on other DAF research projects that are proposed or underway. Bait trials are yet to be analysed. Genetic sampling of sharks will commence soon. The latest technology in dolphin dissuasive devices are now being used on all nets and may be trialled on some drumlines to reduce interactions and depredation by dolphins. Circle hook trials will commence soon, aiming to reduce bycatch without reducing target shark catch.

The group discussed how the program and the operation of the group may impact on climate change. The group discussed possible actions such as reducing travel, offsetting travel of members and fuel use of shark control vessels.

The next meeting is planned for August/September 2020.

Attendees - Members

Name	Position/ Organisation
Mark Doohan	Chair / Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (DAF)
Jeffrey Krause	Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
Matthew Campbell	Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
Mandy Elliot	Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA)
Colin Simpfendorfer	James Cook University
Russell Blanchard	Surf Life Saving Queensland (SLSQ)
Angela Freeman	Tourism Representative

Attendees - Observers and Guests

Name	Position/ Organisation
Graeme Bolton	Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
Claire Andersen	Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
Donna Walsh	Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
Eddie Jebreen	Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
Jason Argent	Surf Life Saving Queensland
Andrew Chin	James Cook University
Kirstin Dobbs	Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority
Charlie Huveneers	Flinders University
Peta Lawlor	Surf Life Saving Queensland
Marcel Green	NSW Fisheries

Apologies

Name	Position / Organisation
Richard Fitzpatrick	Biopixel TV; James Cook University
Wayne Sumpton	Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
Adam Smith	Reef Ecologic, Townsville Local Marine Advisory Committee (LMAC) Secretary

Secretariat

Name	Position / Organisation
Tracey Scott-Holland	Department of Agriculture and Fisheries

1. Introduction

The Chair thanked members for attending and welcomed guests. The status of action items from the previous meeting was discussed and is provided in Table 1.

2. Shark Control Program Update

Claire Andersen (Executive Director, Fisheries Queensland) provided an update on the Shark Control Program’s (SCP) funding. Ms Andersen advised that as part of this year’s Budget, Government is providing an additional $17.1 million over four years towards swimmer safety. The funding will continue the operation and maintenance of the SCP while investing $1 million a year into research on new technologies and $600,000 per year to continue to develop swimmer education programs along with partner agencies.

It was noted that Cardno has been engaged to deliver a report on the current status of alternatives that may be suitable for trial in Queensland.

Ms Andersen advised that the Queensland Government is appealing the decision of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) to vary the permit for the SCP to operate in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. It was noted that the appeal has been set down for 15 and 16 August, 2019 and will be heard by the full Federal Court.

Graeme Bolton (Deputy Director-General, Fisheries and Forestry) took the opportunity to advise the Group of the value and importance that the Honourable Mark Furner, Minister for Agricultural Industry Development and Fisheries, places on the advice provided by this Group. He also reminded members and advised guests that the Government’s position is that human safety comes first and that this must be considered in any recommendations made by the Group.

3. NSW Shark Management Update

Marcel Green (NSW Fisheries) provided an update on shark mitigation trials in NSW. The importance of ongoing collaboration between NSW and Queensland was acknowledged. New South Wales Fisheries has a standing invitation and have agreed to continue to attend and provide advice at Scientific Working Group meetings.

Trials of sonar technology, shark barriers, drones (in collaboration with surf lifesaving NSW), and SMART (Shark Management Alert in Real Time) drumlines along with tagging and 4VRG receivers were discussed. The NSW program of annual grants for shark mitigation related projects was also discussed.

A major learning from the NSW program has been the importance of community consultation and engagement prior to the commencement of trials. Social research through community sentiment surveys is a useful tool in tailoring shark mitigation measures at the local level.

4. Cid Harbour Research Update

Dr Andrew Chin (James Cook University) provided an update on the social science aspects of the Cid Harbour research. Almost 200 surveys have been returned, with interviews with key informants still to occur. Richard Fitzpatrick (Biopixel) is a member of the Group but was unable to attend the meeting due to being currently in Cid Harbour conducting field research into the prevalence and behaviour of sharks in Cid Harbour. Richard provided an update via email regarding on-the-ground research that was currently underway in Cid Harbour. To date on the June field trip 5 tiger sharks, 2 tawny nurse sharks, 2 bull sharks, 1 spot-tail whaler and 1 Australian blacktip shark have been caught and tagged. In addition, one tiger shark that was tagged during the December trip was recaptured twice in one day.

5. Shark Deterrent Technologies

Associate Professor Charlie Huveneers (Flinders University) gave a presentation to the Group about the full suite of deterrent products currently available and some that are in development. He provided an overview of his research in testing the efficacy of some products.

6. Alternative Shark Mitigation

The Group discussed the Queensland Government funding announcement of $1 million a year to trial alternatives that may be appropriate for Queensland.

It was noted that Cardno is preparing a review of alternative shark mitigation methods for the Department. The Group discussed the development of criteria for ranking/comparing alternatives and were invited to provide any relevant input for Cardno to consider in the review. The Group will be invited to review the draft criteria out of session (Action Item 4.1).

The Group workshopped alternatives that may be suitable for trial in Queensland. The range of environmental conditions encountered in Queensland was discussed, noting that alternatives that may suitable for trial in North Queensland may not be suitable for the surf beaches in the Southern parts of the State. The users being protected were also discussed noting that swimmers and surfers were the primary focus of protections.

For the purposes of the exercise, the Group decided to broadly split the State into North and South with Northern regions characterised by low energy beaches with relatively poor visibility and Southern regions characterised by high energy beaches and relatively good visibility. Members and guests prioritised currently available alternatives with the following options considered by the Group to be the most suitable for trial in Queensland:

1. Education (and behaviour change e.g. appropriate waste management for vessels) (North and South)
2. Drones (North and South)
3. Shark Barriers such as physical barriers (North Qld only) or deterrent barrier technologies (North and South)
4. Deterrents (with a focus on personal and boat based electrical deterrents) (North and South).
5. This information will be provided to Cardno for consideration in the review and the Group will be consulted further on the outcomes of the review (Action Item 4.2).

7. Reducing the Environmental Impact of the SCP

The Group discussed options for reducing the environmental impact of the SCP noting that this is identified as a high priority in the research strategy.

Analysis of historical catch data e.g. after rain events, would enable the Group to make recommendations in relation to use of nets in the SCP.

The difficulties of comparing the effectiveness of alternatives to the effectiveness of the current program of nets and drumlines were acknowledged.

8. Crocodile Drone Monitoring

Jason Argent (SLSQ) gave a presentation to the Group about how SLSQ is using drones to monitor crocodiles (and also sharks to some extent) in North Queensland for beach safety. Examples of crocodile footage were presented and some of the current challenges faced by the Program were discussed e.g. equipment, pilot training, legislation relating to use of drones e.g. CASA line of sight rules, rostering and balancing with other priorities for staff in the field and development of software to analyse footage using artificial intelligence. The use of drones by SLSQ for monitoring crocodiles is delivering positive safety benefits in North Queensland.

9. Shark Control Program Research Strategy

The ‘Shark Control Program Research Strategy’ was published on the Department’s website in May 2019. Members were thanked for their input into the development of the strategy. The Strategy outlines the research priorities for the SCP and promotes opportunities for researchers to engage in collaborative research with the SCP.

10. DAF Current Research Projects – update

Tracey Scott-Holland provided an update on current DAF research projects.

1. Hook and Bait Experiments. Bait experiments have commenced at North Stradbroke Island and Capricorn Coast. Data has not been analysed.
2. Genetic sampling – Genetic sampling procedures have been developed and sampling kits have been put together. Training to be delivered to contractors in collecting samples and kits to be distributed. The Group discussed the possibility of sharing of samples with external researchers through platforms such as https://otlet.io/
3. Trials of Dolphin Dissuasive Devices were discussed. Data has not been analysed.
4. Circle hook trials have not commenced due to the AAT decision impacting on operations in the Townsville region.

11. SharkSMART Education campaign

Tracey Scott-Holland provided an update on the roll-out of the SharkSMART education program. A website has been developed and social media static and video advertisements were rolled out. Static ads have reached over 1.6 million people and video ads have reached almost 500,000 people with over 900,000 through-plays.

Short radio ads were played through radio networks along the Queensland coastline from 6 April to 29 June 2019.

The SharkSMART brochure now includes a boat sticker and the brochures will be distributed with new boat registrations commencing soon.

The Group discussed options that could be investigated for expanding the reach of education messages such as:

• Eastern cultures can be reached through social media channels such as WeChat;
• Use of QR codes with translations;
• Collaboration with Bush to Beach and Reef Guardian School Programs (GBRMPA);
• Providing materials to tourism bodies;
• Signage (appropriate policies would need to be developed);
• Including information in hire boat induction videos;
• Pop-up stands e.g. boating and fishing expos. NSW Fisheries use a blimp for these events;
• Online ChatBOTs; and
• Collateral that can be developed and distributed to encourage engagement and enhance the SharkSMART education program were also discussed e.g. temporary tattoos (NSW Fisheries); crocwise carpet that is rolled out with life-size crocodile image. Materials like this can increase engagement of children in particular.

12. Correspondence for Consideration

The SCP receives correspondence periodically that may be referred to the Group for consideration.

Correspondence was received from the manufacturer of a personal deterrent device. Information about personal deterrents will be included in the report to be prepared by Cardno. The Group will consider personal deterrents when the report is delivered.

Correspondence was received in relation to trialling a shark claw for restraining sharks to allow for tagging. The Group noted that the shark claw was developed by Richard Fitzpatrick (member) and its use has been discontinued. The correspondent also recommended that the Queensland Government consider a trial of shark dive tourism. The Group noted that many people enjoy diving with sharks and will travel to locations for this purpose. This activity would be associated with increased level of risk of shark bite.

13. General Discussion

The Chair suggested that the frequency of meetings be increased to three or four per year given the current focus on research and trials of alternatives.

The next meeting is planned for early September.

The Chair advised the Group that Jeff Krause (Manager, SCP) will be retiring in July. He thanked Jeff for his work in the SCP and with the Group. A selection process is underway to fill the position.

The Chair closed the meeting at approximately 2:30pm.

14. Abbreviations and Acronyms

• AAT: Administrative Appeals Tribunal
• DAF: Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
• GBRMPA: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority
• the Group: Shark Control Program Scientific Working Group
• NSW: New South Wales
• SCP: Queensland Shark Control Program
• SLSQ: Surf Life Saving Queensland

Table 1: Status of action items from previous meeting.

Action No	Action	Person responsible	Completed? Y/N
1.8	Prepare data analysis of shark catch during and outside of the stinger season.	Jeff Krause Wayne Sumpton Matthew Campbell	In Progress
1.13	Review the non-dangerous shark species list – out of session and prior to the next meeting. Jeff Krause to facilitate in association with Rean Gilbert, Colin Simpfendorfer, Richard Fitzpatrick, Matthew Campbell and Wayne Sumpton. Progress recommendation for removal of listed species from the target list. Develop a formal risk assessment process for assessing additional species.	Jeff Krause Tracey Scott-Holland	In Progress
1.16	Analyse and document the history of hammerhead sharks taken in the SCP.	Wayne Sumpton Matthew Campbell Tracey Scott-Holland	In Progress
2.2	Prepare analysis of when and where shark incidents occur.	Jeff Krause	In Progress
2.3	Analyse shark catch in relation to contract ‘lay’ periods (historical)	Matthew Campbell	In Progress
3.1	Cid Harbour Research Project – Project Proposal to be sent to members for endorsement	Tracey Scott-Holland	Y

Table 2: Ongoing and new action items

Action No.	Action	Person responsible	Completed? Y/N
1.8	Prepare data analysis of shark catch during and outside of the stinger season.	Jeff Krause Matthew Campbell	In Progress
1.13	Review the non-dangerous shark species list – out of session and prior to the next meeting. Jeff Krause to facilitate in association with Rean Gilbert, Colin Simpfendorfer, Richard Fitzpatrick, Matthew Campbell and Wayne Sumpton. Progress recommendation for removal of listed species from the target list. Develop a formal risk assessment process for assessing additional species.	Jeff Krause Tracey Scott-Holland	In Progress
1.16	Analyse and document the history of hammerhead sharks taken in the SCP.	Matthew Campbell Tracey Scott-Holland	In Progress
2.2	Prepare analysis of when and where shark incidents occur.	Jeff Krause	In Progress
2.3	Analyse shark catch in relation to contract ‘lay’ periods (historical)	Matthew Campbell	In Progress
4.1	SWG to provide comment on proposed criteria for assessing shark mitigation alternatives (out of session).	Tracey Scott-Holland
4.2	SWG comments on alternatives that may be suitable for trial to be provided to Cardno.	Tracey Scott-Holland

Attendees - Members

Name	Position/ Organisation
Mark Doohan	Chair / Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (DAF)
Jeffrey Krause	Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
Matthew Campbell	Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
Rean Gilbert	Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA)
Colin Simpfendorfer	James Cook University
Richard Fitzpatrick (via Skype)	Biopixel TV; James Cook University
Angela Freeman	Alliance for Sustainable Tourism
Adam Smith	Reef Ecologic, Townsville Local Marine Advisory Committee (LMAC) Secretary

Attendees - Observers and Guests

Name	Position/ Organisation
Minister Mark Furner	Minister for Agricultural Industry Development and Fisheries
Claire Andersen	Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
Johan Gustafson	PhD Candidate, Griffith University
Peta Lawlor	Surf Life Saving Queensland (SLSQ)
Marcel Green	NSW Fisheries

Apologies

Name	Position / Organisation
Wayne Sumpton	Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
Russell Blanchard	Surf Life Saving Queensland (SLSQ)

Secretariat

Name	Position / Organisation
Tracey Scott-Holland	Department of Agriculture and Fisheries

1. Introduction

The Chair thanked members for attending and welcomed guests.

2. Conflict of Interest Disclosures

Three members declared that they may have a conflict of interest in relation to the proposed research in Cid Harbour in that they may submit a quote to deliver the research project.

3. SCP Research Strategy and Procedures

The draft ‘Shark Control Program Research Strategy’ and ‘Shark Control Program Research Procedures’ were discussed and members were invited to submit comments on the draft documents. The Strategy outlines the research priorities for the Queensland Shark Control Program and promotes opportunities for researchers to engage in collaborative research with the Program. DAF will manage research conducted in association with the Program as outlined in the Procedures (internal use only).

4. Hammerhead Shark Research Update

Johan Gustafson (PhD candidate, Griffith University) presented results of his PhD research into hammerhead sharks in Southeast Queensland. An analysis of movement and migration of tagged sharks in relation to oceanographic conditions was presented. Hammerhead shark catch in the Gold Coast area of the Queensland Shark Control Program for the period 1996 to 2017 was also presented and discussed.

5. NSW Fisheries Shark Management Strategy

Marcel Green (NSW Fisheries) delivered a presentation about the New South Wales Shark Management Strategy with particular emphasis on trials of new and emerging technologies. Information about helicopter surveillance, NSW SharkSmart app and twitter feed, drones, sonar technology, shark tagging, VR4G listening stations, seabed fencing, shark barriers and SMART drumlines was presented. Results of community sentiment surveys were presented and discussed along with information about the NSW Shark Smart education program.

Members were in agreement that the presentation was very beneficial and collaboration with NSW Fisheries should be continued.

Members discussed the possibility of trialling SMART drumlines in Queensland with potential for short term loan of apparatus from NSW. The logistics and cost associated with servicing the apparatus would need to be considered in selecting a location for trial.

6. Cid Harbour – response and proposed research

The Group discussed three shark bite incidents that occurred in Cid Harbour and the Department’s response to the incidents.

Minister Mark Furner attended and thanked staff who were involved in the incident responses and thanked those members who had provided expert advice in the development of the proposed Cid Harbour research project.

Minister Furner asked the Group whether there was any scientific evidence indicating that shark populations were increasing in Queensland. Colin Simpfendorfer advised that the 3 main species that pose a risk to human safety are white shark, tiger shark and bull shark and that there is no evidence that populations of these species are increasing on the Australian East coast.

Marcel Green provided a brief update to Minister Furner regarding some of the trials of alternative technologies in New South Wales.

The research project proposal was presented to the Group and members’ endorsement of the project will be sought out of session (Action Item 3.1).

Rean Gilbert provided advice on permitting requirements for the proposed research.

7. Target species list - review

The Queensland Shark Control Program currently targets nineteen (19) shark species. A formal process for assessing these species was presented to the Group. The group agreed that the remaining 19 target species should be assessed in accordance with the criteria, with consideration given to the conservation status of the species.

A sub-group of the Scientific Working Group will meet out of session to conduct the assessment and report to the working group at the next meeting (Action Item 1.13).

8. DAF Current Research Projects - update

Matthew Campbell provided an update on current research projects.

1. Hook and Bait Experiments. Bait experiments have commenced at North Stradbroke Island. Sampling and analysis plan to be submitted to GBRMPA for approval prior to commencement in the GBRMP.
2. Genetic sampling – Contractors will be trained in sample collection in November 2018 and will commence collection after that time. Sampling and analysis plan to be submitted to GBRMPA for approval prior to collection commencing in the GBRMP.
3. Retention of deceased specimens for teaching and research. This project aims to maximise the use of deceased specimens for research and teaching purposes. Deceased specimens may be provided to researchers who are appropriately permitted to possess them for a range of scientific purposes. The proposed research does not seek to increase the quantity of apparatus deployed and is not expected to increase the impact of the Program on marine species. Non-target species will continue to be released alive if possible. Member Rean Gilbert endorsed the project. All other members endorsed the project out of session via email. Sampling and analysis plan to be submitted to GBRMPA for approval prior to commencement in the GBRMP.
4. Trials of Dolphin Dissuasive Devices have commenced. Preliminary observations by the contractor were discussed and some video footage was presented to members for discussion.

9. Action Items from previous meeting

The status of action items from the previous meeting was discussed and is provided in Table 1.

10. General Discussion

Peta Lawlor (Surf Life Saving Queensland) discussed the partnership between Fisheries Queensland and SLSQ and emphasised the importance of education in achieving safety objectives. Opportunities to strengthen the partnership through education were discussed. The development of fact sheets and introduction of additional shark safety information into SLSQs education program such as ‘Bush to Beach’ could be explored.

Members discussed some recent media relating to the operation of the Group. The Group would like to clarify that there has been no recommendation made by this Group to phase out nets in the Program. The Group may provide advice and make recommendations to DAF on non-lethal technologies that may be suitable for trial in the Program. At this meeting the possibility of trialling SMART drumlines in Queensland was discussed by the Group. No formal recommendation has been made.

11. Next meeting

The next meeting is planned for May 2019 (date and location to be confirmed).

Suggested agenda items for the next meeting included:

• Status and development of alternative shark mitigation technologies (to be a standing agenda item);
• update on Cid Harbour research; and
• an invitation be extended to SLSQ to provide an update on the trial use of drones in association with the CrocWise program in North Queensland.

The Chair closed the meeting at approximately 2:45pm.

12. Abbreviations and Acronyms

• DAF: Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
• GBRMP: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
• GBRMPA: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority
• the Group: Shark Control Program Scientific Working Group
• NSW: New South Wales
• SCP: Queensland Shark Control Program
• SLSQ: Surf Life Saving Queensland

13. References

Cardno (NSW/ACT) Pty Ltd (2015). Shark Deterrents and Detectors. Cardno Pty Ltd, 42 pp.

Table 1: Status of action items from previous meeting.

Action No	Action	Person responsible	Completed? Y/N
1.1	DAF to investigate possible member from NSW Fisheries. Note: Marcel Green attended and members agreed it was highly beneficial to hear directly about the learnings from the NSW research program. Invitation to be extended to NSW Fisheries for the next meeting.	Mark Doohan	Y
1.2	A list of stingray species used as bait in the program to be provided to the Group. Note: Matthew Campbell confirmed that no species with conservation concerns were being used for this research.	Jeff Krause	Y
1.8	Prepare data analysis of shark catch during and outside of the stinger season	Jeff Krause Wayne Sumpton Matthew Campbell	N
1.10	A list of non-target species taken and capture locations to be provided (completed). Identification of graceful whalers to be checked. Note: Identification of all graceful whalers was checked by Matthew Campbell. All were confirmed to be other whaler species. Catch records have been corrected.	Jeff Krause	Y
1.13	Review the non-dangerous shark species list – out of session and prior to the next meeting. Jeff Krause to facilitate in association with Rean Gilbert, Colin Simpfendorfer, Richard Fitzpatrick, Matthew Campbell and Wayne Sumpton. Progress recommendation for removal of listed species from the target list. Develop a formal risk assessment process for assessing additional species. Note: A formal process for assessing the remaining species was discussed along with data requirements to allow the assessment. To be completed out of session prior to the next meeting.	Jeff Krause Tracey Scott-Holland	N
1.16	Analyse and document the history of hammerhead sharks taken in the program. Note: Johan Gustafson provided a presentation on hammerhead sharks taken in the Gold Coast are in the Program. Further work can be done in this area.	Wayne Sumpton Matthew Campbell Tracey Scott-Holland	N
2.1	DAF to monitor review of bather protection technologies. Note: The Group agreed that this should become a standing agenda item. Possibility of reviewing/updating the Cardno report (Cardno, 2015) was discussed.	Mark Doohan Jeff Krause	Y
2.2	Prepare analysis of when and where shark incidents occur.	Jeff Krause	N
2.3	Analyse shark catch in relation to contract ‘lay’ periods (historical)	Matthew Campbell	N
2.4	Angela Freeman to provide a list of social media channels used by other cultures for consideration. Note: Details of social media channels provided and details of additional channels for other cultural groups may be provided in the future.	Angela Freeman	Y

Table 2: Ongoing and new action items.

Action No.	Action	Person responsible	Completed? Y/N
1.8	Prepare data analysis of shark catch during and outside of the stinger season.	Jeff Krause Wayne Sumpton Matthew Campbell
1.13	Review the non-dangerous shark species list – out of session and prior to the next meeting. Jeff Krause to facilitate in association with Rean Gilbert, Colin Simpfendorfer, Richard Fitzpatrick, Matthew Campbell and Wayne Sumpton. Progress recommendation for removal of listed species from the target list. Develop a formal risk assessment process for assessing additional species.	Jeff Krause Tracey Scott-Holland
1.16	Analyse and document the history of hammerhead sharks taken in the program.	Wayne Sumpton Matthew Campbell Tracey Scott-Holland
2.2	Prepare analysis of when and where shark incidents occur.	Jeff Krause
2.3	Analyse shark catch in relation to contract ‘lay’ periods (historical)	Matthew Campbell
3.1	Cid Harbour Research Project – Project Proposal to be sent to members for endorsement	Tracey Scott-Holland

Attendees - Members

Name	Position / Organisation
Mark Doohan	Chair / Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (DAF)
Jeffrey Krause	Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
Matthew Campbell	Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
Rean Gilbert	Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA)
Colin Simpfendorfer	James Cook University
Russell Blanchard	Surf Life Saving Queensland (SLSQ)
Richard Fitzpatrick (via Skype)	Biopixel TV; James Cook University
Angela Freeman	Alliance for Sustainable Tourism
Adam Smith	Reef Ecologic, Townsville Local Marine Advisory Committee (LMAC) Secretary

Apologies

Name	Position / Organisation
Wayne Sumpton	Department of Agriculture and Fisheries

Secretariat

Name	Position / Organisation
Tracey Scott-Holland	Department of Agriculture and Fisheries

1.  Introduction

The Chair thanked members for attending. New members, Adam Smith and Angela Freeman, were welcomed.

Rean Gilbert moved that the minutes of the previous meeting be accepted. The motion was seconded by Colin Simpfendorfer.

2. Conflict of Interest Disclosures

The Chair discussed the requirement to declare conflicts of interest. The requirement to declare when there is no conflict of interest was also discussed. A register of declared conflicts of interest has been created and will be reviewed at the commencement of each meeting.

3.  Terms of Reference and Code of Conduct

The Terms of Reference for the Queensland Shark Control Program Scientific Working Group (the Group) state that members must comply with the Code of Conduct for the Queensland Public Service. A copy of the Code was provided to members.

4.  Action Items from previous meeting

The status of action items from the previous meeting was discussed and is provided in Table 1.

5. Monitoring the Development of non-lethal technologies

The Chair discussed a recent meeting between New South Wales (NSW), Western Australia (WA) and Queensland agencies involved in shark control and the potential for the 2015 Cardno report (Shark Deterrents and Detectors) to be updated to reflect current technologies. Any developments will be monitored by DAF (Action Item 2.1).

Results of smart drumline trials in NSW were discussed. The costs and logistic issues associated with potential use of smart drumlines in Queensland e.g. response times (20 minutes in NSW) were also discussed.

New South Wales is investigating the potential application of drones for shark control. Surf lifesaving organisations are also using drones for some purposes. Richard Fitzpatrick advised that technological advances in camera technology e.g. hyperspectral cameras combined with artificial intelligence, are delivering significant improvements in the ability to detect sharks. The certification requirements for operators varies depending on whether the drone is operated within or out of sight of the operator.

Richard Fitzpatrick provided information about Dorsal which takes inputs from multiple technologies including drones and sends alerts through a range of media.

6. Non-dangerous species review

Colin Simpfendorfer, Matthew Campbell and Wayne Sumpton provided feedback out of session on the current list of target shark species. The Group agreed the following species should be immediately removed from the list: School Shark Galeorhinus galeus; Whitetip Reef Shark, Triaenodon obesus; Galapagos Shark, Carcharhinus galapagensis; Thresher Sharks (all species), Alopias spp.; Blacktip Reef Whaler, Carcharhinus melanopterus .

A recommendation will be made to DAF for these species to be immediately removed. If removed, a subsequent application for variation to Schedule 3 of Marine Parks permit G17/33288.1 will be made.

It was agreed that the Galapagos Shark should be removed as it is not known to occur in Queensland waters and there are no records of this species being taken in the Queensland Shark Control Program (SCP).

The current target shark list includes three species of black tip sharks. The Group agreed the Blacktip Reef Whaler, Carcharhinus melanopterus, could be removed from the target species list. The Group considered whether the Australian Blacktip Whaler, Carcharhinus tilstoni, could be also removed given it grows to a small size (max 2.0m but rarely greater than 1.6m). It was agreed however, that this species should remain on the list as it is difficult to distinguish this species in the fieldfrom the Common Blacktip Whaler, Carcharhinus limbatus, which is considered dangerous. A recent publication by Johnson et al. 2017 provided some information on distinguishing between these two species in the field.

It was agreed a formal risk assessment process should be developed for undertaking these assessments in future with Great Hammerhead, Mako, Oceanic Whitetip and Blue Sharks being first priority for assessment. The process should be based on the Australian Standard and include an assessment of likelihood and consequence, including whether the species has been associated with serious injuries or fatalities within Queensland, Australia or Internationally (Action Item 1.13). The GBRMPA risk assessment model may be able to be adapted. If the assessment recommends additional species for removal, a further recommendation to DAF will be made.

Analysis of where shark incidents occur and when would be beneficial (Action Item 2.2).

7. Research Strategy and Research Projects

The SCP Research Strategy is currently in development.

The Group discussed and endorsed two research projects:

• Hook and Bait Experiments - The objectives of these experiments are to determine the effectiveness of stingray baits compared to current baits; and circle hooks compared to J type hooks, in catching large, potentially dangerous sharks and reducing non-target species interactions in particular, dolphin predation and incidental catch. The Group provided input into the sampling design and analysis. It was noted impacts on non-target species catch need to be closely monitored. Angela Freeman advised a number of crocodile processors dispose of meat from farmed animals and that it may be worth investigating the potential use of this as bait in the SCP. The species of stingrays to be used in the experiment are yet to be assessed.
• Genetic Sampling and Analysis – Sharks and Rays - The objectives of this project are to assess the accuracy of species identification by contractors and to establish a bank of genetic samples that may be accessed by researchers for a range of genetic applications.

A Sampling and Analysis plan will be submitted to GBRMPA for these projects in accordance with Permit G17/33288.1 prior to commencement.

8. Hammerhead Shark Research update

Jeff Krause presented an update on the hammerhead shark research project by Johan Gustafson (PhD candidate Griffith University). DAF has provided some funding for the research.

9. Operation of SCP during stinger season in areas where stinger nets are deployed

The operation of the SCP during stinger season in areas where stinger nets are deployed was discussed (in response to public consultation undertaken during application process for Marine Parks Permit G17/33288.1):

It was noted at the previous meeting that people may swim outside of the enclosures. Data in relation to reported marine stings reported within the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) both inside and outside of stinger enclosures was provided by SLSQ. The number of major stings outside of the enclosures was small in comparison to the number of stings overall (all GBRMP sting data for a 3 year period – inside/outside of stinger season/ stinger nets not delineated).

SLSQ also provided beach user statistics by month for the last 3 financial years. The statistics demonstrate that beach visitations are high in the GBRMP both between the flags and outside of the flags at all times of the year though there was variation between months and sites.

The SCP aims to reduce local populations of large sharks. The effectiveness of the Program in achieving this is unknown if the program was only in operation for part of the year (i.e. removed during stinger season).

Jeff Krause advised that historically Cairns used to have a ‘lay’ period of several months over summer where the apparatus was removed from the water. An analysis of whether there was a ‘spike’ in shark catch when the apparatus was returned to the water would be of relevance to this issue (Action Item 2.3). Adam Smith noted that a lay period may be beneficial for the biology of some species e.g. reducing catch during certain stages of the reproductive cycle such as pupping season.

An analysis of shark catch during and outside of the stinger season is also to be completed for further discussion (Action Item 1.8).

SLSQ provided additional data on total beach closure hours due to sharks at beaches within the GBRMP for the last 5 financial years. The group noted that overall the amount of time beaches were closed due to shark sightings was relatively low.

10. Education Program and Communication Plan

Jeff Krause advised that the SCP information on the DAF public website is currently under review.

A copy of the NSW Shark Smart flyer was distributed.

The Group discussed the importance of information being available in multiple languages.

The potential for use of social media in distributing safety messages was discussed. Angela Freeman advised that she can provide a list of social media channels used by other countries for consideration (Action Item 2.4). Options for collaborating with SLSQ in relation to their communication plan could also be explored.

A combined approach for marine creatures could be considered e.g. stingers, crocodiles and sharks. Biopixel (Richard Fitzpatrick) may be able to provide support in the form of photographs.

The Communication Strategy that accompanies Marine Parks Permit G17/33288.1 should be updated to reflect any changes implemented.

11. General Discussion

Adam Smith discussed his recent trip out with the Townsville contractor to service the SCP equipment and noted that the contractor conducted his operation in a highly professional manner. Adam enquired as to whether the Program had an environmental policy e.g. to address issues such as emissions from motors and rubbish blowing overboard. Rean Gilbert advised that this was addressed during the Risk Assessment conducted during the Permit assessment and is available online.

12. Next meeting

The next meeting is planned for September/October 2018 (date to be confirmed).

Adam Smith requested an agenda item on Social Science – people and attitudes.

The Chair closed the meeting at approximately 12:00pm.

13. References

Cardno (NSW/ACT) Pty Ltd (2015). Shark Deterrents and Detectors. Cardno Pty Ltd, 42 pp.

Johnson, G.J., Buckworth, R.C., Lee, H., Morgan, J.A.T., Ovenden, J.R. and McMahon, C.R. (2017). A novel field method to distinguish between cryptic carcharhinid sharks, Australian blacktip shark Carcharhinus tilstoni and common blacktip shark C. limbatus, despite the presence of hybrids. Journal of Fish Biology 90: 39-60.

Table 1: Status of action items from previous meeting.

Action No.	Action	Progress	Person/s responsible	Completed? Y/N
1.1	Invitation to join the Group be extended to LMAC Townsville (possibly Adam Smith) and Matthew Broadhurst (NSW Fisheries).	Adam Smith accepted invitation to become a member of the Group and in attendance. DAF in discussion with NSW regarding nomination of a member.	Mark Doohan	N
1.2	A list of stingray species used as bait in the program to be provided to the Group	List of stingray species yet to be assessed by DAF.	Jeff Krause	N
1.3	Literature on take of turtles on circle hooks to be provided	To be considered by DAF in relation to hook and bait experiments.	Colin Simpfendorfer	Y
1.4	Published scientific papers on Bull Shark migration to be provided	Provided to Group	Colin Simpfendorfer	Y
1.5	An update on the Program funded project on Scalloped Hammerhead Sharks to be presented at the next meeting	Provided to Group – see section 8	Jeff Krause	Y
1.6	Safety publications by other agencies to be provided	NSW Shark Smart flyer	Tracey Scott-Holland	Y
1.7	Methodology for assessing non-lethal technologies to be developed and distributed along with Cardno report.	Mark Doohan discussed a recent meeting between NSW, WA and QLD Shark Control and plans to review the 2015 Cardno report.	Jeff Krause Tracey Scott-Holland	Y
1.8	Prepare data analysis of shark catch during and outside of the stinger season	Yet to be completed	Jeff Krause Wayne Sumpton Matthew Campbell	N
1.9	SLSQ to provide data on incidence of marine stings reported outside of stinger nets during stinger season	Provided to Group – see section 9	Russell Blanchard	Y
1.10	A list of non-target species taken and capture locations to be provided	Provided to Group and discussed. Identification of graceful whalers to be checked.	Jeff Krause	Ongoing
1.11	DAF to investigate whether more detailed data is available in relation to ECIFF catch by species	ECIFF stock assessment provided	Wayne Sumpton Matthew Campbell	Y
1.12	Invite George Leigh to provide an update of available data	Not required, stock assessment provided	Jeff Krause	N – not required
1.13	Review the non-dangerous shark species list – out of session and prior to the next meeting. Jeff Krause to facilitate in association with Rean Gilbert, Colin Simpfendorfer, Richard Fitzpatrick, Matthew Campbell and Wayne Sumpton.	In progress – see section 6	Jeff Krause Tracey Scott-Holland	Y - ongoing
1.14	SLSQ to provide beach user statistics for the Marine Parks	Provided to Group – see section 9	Russell Blanchard	Y
1.15	Investigate whether New South Wales and South Africa have a research strategy and/or priorities.	Yes – see section 7	Jeff Krause	Y
1.16	Analyse and document the history of hammerhead sharks taken in the program.	Yet to be completed	Wayne Sumpton Matthew Campbell Tracey Scott-Holland	N

Table 2: Ongoing and new action items.

Action No.	Action	Person responsible	Completed? Y/N
1.1	DAF to investigate possible member from NSW Fisheries.	Mark Doohan
1.2	A list of stingray species used as bait in the program to be provided to the Group	Jeff Krause
1.8	Prepare data analysis of shark catch during and outside of the stinger season	Jeff Krause Wayne Sumpton Matthew Campbell
1.10	A list of non-target species taken and capture locations to be provided (completed). Identification of graceful whalers to be checked.	Jeff Krause
1.13	Review the non-dangerous shark species list – out of session and prior to the next meeting. Jeff Krause to facilitate in association with Rean Gilbert, Colin Simpfendorfer, Richard Fitzpatrick, Matthew Campbell and Wayne Sumpton. Progress recommendation for removal of listed species from the target list. Develop a formal risk assessment process for assessing additional species.	Jeff Krause Tracey Scott-Holland
1.16	Analyse and document the history of hammerhead sharks taken in the program.	Wayne Sumpton Matthew Campbell Tracey Scott-Holland
2.1	DAF to monitor review of bather protection technologies.	Mark Doohan Jeff Krause
2.2	Prepare analysis of when and where shark incidents occur.	Jeff Krause
2.3	Analyse shark catch in relation to contract ‘lay’ periods (historical)	Matthew Campbell
2.4	Angela Freeman to provide a list of social media channels used by other cultures for consideration	Angela Freeman

Attendees - Members

Name	Position/ Organisation
Mark Doohan	Chair / Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
Jeffrey Krause	Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
Matthew Campbell	Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
Rean Gilbert	Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority
Colin Simpfendorfer	James Cook University
Russell Blanchard	Surf Life Saving Queensland
Richard Fitzpatrick	Biopixel TV; James Cook University
Maxwell Shephard	Alliance for Sustainable Tourism (proxy for Angela Freeman)

Apologies

Name	Position / Organisation
Wayne Sumpton	Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
Angela Freeman	Alliance for Sustainable Toursim

Secretariat

Name	Position / Organisation
Tracey Scott-Holland	Department of Agriculture and Fisheries

1. Introduction

Mark Doohan (the Chair) welcomed members to the first meeting of the Shark Control Program Scientific Working Group (the Group).

He explained that the group was formed for the purpose of informing management in relation to scientific matters of relevance to that part of the Queensland Shark Control Program (the Program) that operates within the Commonwealth Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and Queensland Great Barrier Reef Coast Marine Park (the Marine Parks). It was also noted that Permit G17/3328.1, which enables the Program to operate within the Marine Parks, specifies a number of conditions relating to the formation of the group, its purpose and operation.

The Chair provided a brief explanation of other advisory groups that have historically been involved in informing the Program, including the Shark Marine Advisory Group (SMAG) on the Gold Coast that is still in operation.

2. Conflict of Interest Disclosures

The Chair discussed the process for declaring any conflicts of interest and advised the Group that an opportunity to make any declarations (via a Conflict of Interest form) would be provided at the start of each meeting. The importance of also declaring when there is no conflict of interest was emphasised.

3. Terms of Reference

The Chair invited comments on the draft Terms of Reference that were distributed prior to the meeting. The following points were discussed:

• Inclusion of relevant sections of GBRMP Permit G17/3328.1 in the Terms of Reference, particularly in relation to the background and role of the Group.
• The membership of the Group was discussed and the Chair encouraged members to suggest additional people with relevant skills that the Group might consider inviting to be members.
  It was agreed that the following people would be invited to be members of the Group (Action Item 1.1).
  Local Marine Advisory Committee (Townsville) – possibly Adam Smith
  Matthew Broadhurst – New South Wales Department of Primary Industries
• The Chair advised that for future meetings the aim would be for the agenda to be distributed at least two weeks in advance and members would be given the opportunity to submit additional agenda items.
• The confidentiality and non-disclosure section of the Terms of Reference was discussed and it was agreed that any confidential information should be clearly identified.
• Meetings will be held twice per year. The frequency of meetings may be reviewed from time to time depending on existing requirements. Reference to a quorum in the Terms of Reference is not required as the group will be able to negotiate meeting dates effectively to enable the majority of members to attend.
• Meeting minutes and revised Terms of Reference will be distributed to Group members within one week of this meeting.

4. Current Technologies

Jeff Krause presented a summary of the current equipment deployed in the Marine Parks. He noted that there are no nets remaining in the Marine Parks. The last remaining nets in the Marine Parks in the Mackay region were removed and replaced with drum lines. It was noted that there are two nets remaining in the Mackay harbour but they are located outside of the Marine Parks.

5. Current Trials / Research

Jeffrey Krause facilitated a discussion around some of the previous and current trials and formal research being conducted by or funded by the Program.

• Assessment of different baits e.g. mullet, shark, stingray, manufactured baits, with a view to improving program efficiency and reducing non-target catch.
  Note: Shark and stingray bait is purchased from commercial sources. Suppliers of shark bait have been provided a list of species not to be supplied which includes hammerhead sharks. It was recommended that the stingray species being used for bait be assessed to ensure there are no sustainability concerns (Action Item 1.2).
• Various hook guards and bait covers that have been trialled in the past were discussed.
• A range of hook types have been trialled in the past and the effectiveness of these and others were discussed. Circle hooks similar to those currently used in the NSW shark program are to be trialled in Queensland soon. Large circle hooks may be effective at reducing catch of turtles. Colin Simpfendorfer may be able to provide some literature in relation to this (Action Item 1.3).
• A trial of new dolphin dissuasive devices (acoustic alarm pingers) will commence outside of the Marine Parks soon. Factors influencing these trials were discussed by the Group.
• Studies into movement and migration of large sharks using acoustic and satellite tagging technologies were discussed. Projects funded by the Program or conducted by Group members or other researchers were discussed. Colin Simpfendorfer advised that he will provide copies of published research on bull shark movements and interim reports on studies of hammerhead sharks (Action Item 1.4).
• The Program is funding scalloped hammerhead shark research in South East Queensland. An update will be provided at the next meeting (Action Item 1.5).

6. Marine Parks Permit G33288.1 response to public consultation

During the application process which led to the granting of Marine Parks permit G33288.1, public consultation was undertaken. A number of submissions raised during the consultation were referred to the Group for consideration in the Supplementary Information – Public information package. The Group considered the following issues.

Table 1: Issues and comments raised in the submissions that were referred to the Scientific Working Group for consideration.

Issue Number	Issues raised, information requested, Queensland Government response	Scientific Working Group
32.	Issues and comments raised in the submissions: "Let's replace these drumlines and nets with other educational and non-lethal alternatives" Replace the drumlines and nets with education and new alternative non-lethal technologies currently available, such as Shark Spotting programs, the Clever Buoy and the Eco Shark Barriers. Additional information requested: How will DAF look to do this? Can DAF commit to a reduction in drumlines and nets over time? Provide an explanation on why these non-lethal technologies would not achieve the aim of the program. Provide justification for each of the technologies mentioned (Shark Spotting program, Clever Buoy and Eco Shark Barriers). Queensland Government Response: The program has modified gear over time with a reduction in the number of nets in the GBRMP, most recently the recommendation to remove all nets at Mackay should this permit be granted and removal of nets in Cairns in 2013. The Scientific Working Group (see section 3) will be responsible for providing advice on non-lethal bather protection alternatives.See Section 4 for details of the current status of alternative methods for prevention of shark attack.	The Group agreed that monitoring of non-lethal alternatives is a high priority and is acknowledged as such in the Terms of Reference. See section 8 of the minutes for further information. Current education tools used by DAF were discussed and acknowledged as being important tools in minimising shark interactions. The requirement for continuing education to accommodate the transient tourist population was acknowledged. It was noted that the ‘Swimmer Safety’ message is located on the DAF public webpage and media releases in relation to swimmer safety are published periodically. Safety campaigns by other agencies (including print material) could be considered by the group for potential application in the Program e.g. DEHP crocodile safety, various QPWS safety publications, SLSQ stinger awareness (Action Item 1.6). Availability of safety messages in a range of languages should be considered. The group agreed that it would be appropriate to complete an assessment of all current non-lethal technologies and their potential for trial in the Program. A process for conducting the assessment is to be developed out of session. It should incorporate a matrix of current technologies and the level of protection provided to various marine user groups which should be defined (e.g swimmers, surfers, kite surfers, spear fishers etc.). It should include a risk assessment component. The assessment methodology along with the Cardno report are to be distributed to members prior to the next meeting. Cardno (NSW/ACT) Pty Ltd (2015). Shark Deterrents and Detectors. Cardno Pty Ltd, 42 pp. (Action Item 1.7).
35.	Issues and comments raised in the submissions: A number of submissions raised the issue of having the drumlines and shark nets in place during the Northern stinger season in Cairns, Townsville and Mackay. Additional information requested: Provide justification/explanation of why the drumlines/nets remain during the stinger season. DAF to provide data of how many beaches in the Marine Parks have both stinger nets and shark control gear. Queensland Government Response: Swimming enclosures do not protect all beach users and this must be considered when assessing appropriate control measures. Program beaches in Queensland that have stinger nets in use during summer include: Cairns: Holloways Beach, Yorkeys Knob, Trinity Beach, Clifton Beach, Palm Cove, Ellis Beach, Townsville: The Strand and Pallarenda Beaches; Magnetic Island: Picnic Bay and Horseshoe Bay The combination of the deployment of Shark Control Program gear at beaches where swimming enclosures are in place will be reviewed by the Scientific Working Group.	The group discussed that the Program aims to reduce local populations of large sharks. The effectiveness of the Program in achieving this if it was only in operation for part of the year is unknown. There may be some available data from South Africa. The level of fidelity of sharks to local areas and the size of the area are important considerations in determining how effective the Program is in achieving localised reduction of populations. Bull shark populations may be significantly reduced, tiger sharks are thought to be impacted to a lesser degree. A comparison of shark catch during and outside of the stinger season would be useful for the Group to consider (Action Item 1.8). It was noted that swimmers may still swim outside of the nets during stinger season (may wear stinger suits). SLSQ receive reports of stings from outside of the nets. SLSQ may be able to provide some statistics on the incidence of stings reported from outside of the stinger nets (Action Item 1.9). It was also noted that stinger nets are not guaranteed to exclude sharks or crocodiles. The panel will reconsider this issue at the next meeting with more information.
36.	Issues and comments raised in the submissions: "It is recommended that the current shark control program continues, to ensure the current level of swimmer safety in the marine environment is not compromised, and investment is made into identifying and trialling non-invasive methods of control to replace the current capture program progressively over time" Additional information requested: DAF to comment. Queensland Government Response: See Section 4 for details of the current status of alternative methods for prevention of shark attack. The Scientific Working Group may consider researching and trialling alternative swimmer safety methods	See response to Issue Number 32. Part of this recommendation states ‘to ensure the current level of swimmer safety in the marine environment is not compromised’. The panel noted that the ability to statistically quantify the level of effectiveness of any given technology is very difficult.
38.	Issues and comments raised in the submissions: There was general concern in many of the submissions that centred on the impacts on biodiversity. Additional information requested: How does DAF intend to mitigate or offset unintended impacts on non-target species? Queensland Government Response: Minimising the impact on bycatch species has long been a priority of the Program. Over time, the refinements in apparatus configurations have meant the Program has been able to significantly reduce the number of non-target species taken. During the 10 year period of operation of the permit 8 dolphins, 6 turtles and 4 dugongs have been directly impacted in Program apparatus within the Marine Parks. This is considered to be a very low level of mortality in comparison to other factors affecting these populations. The Queensland Government continues to seek to improve outcomes for non-target species through current practices and research. Formal assessment of the risk to marine fauna may be considered by the Scientific Working Group.	The Chair reminded members that in considering this question the Group needs to consider non-target take in the Marine Parks. The working group discussed the potential impact on non-target species and in particular on protected species of dolphins e.g. snubfin dolphins, Australian humpback dolphins. It was decided that a more detailed breakdown of the catch data including non-target species caught and locations would allow a comparison with the locations of Program equipment (Action Item 1.10).
40.	Issues and comments raised in the submissions: "The effect of the program on species that are caught in the gear, and more broadly on the ecosystems in which it occurs." Additional information requested: DAF to provide the impacts of the program on ecosystems in comparison to other sources of shark/bycatch mortality (i.e. ECIFF and stranding database should be analysed) for the period 2005-2014. Queensland Government Response: After peaking in 2003 the shark catch in the east coast inshore fishery within the GBRMP has declined in recent years due to the introduction of conservative management arrangements such as a maximum legal size, recreational bag limits, restricted access and a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for the commercial sector.The QSCP shark catch (assuming average weight of 100kg per shark) has been under 50 tonne per annum. The Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection have only maintained records of shark stranding in the “Standings Database” since 2007 with only 7 reported strandings within the GBRMP since that time. Only one of these was identified to species level; a dusky whaler at Mackay in 2011. See section 3 for details of the Program’s Scientific Working Group. The SCP and East Coast Inshore Fin Fish Fishery (ECIFFF) do take a number of similar species; however, tiger sharks and bull sharks are the main SCP target species caught in the Marine Parks whilst the main species taken in the ECIFFF are blacktip whalers and graceful sharks. More detailed comparison of the catch composition may be considered by the SWG.	Further breakdown of the data to species level would be beneficial. DAF to investigate additional data for consideration by the group (Action Item 1.11).
41.	Issues and comments raised in the submissions: "There is a large body of work that is not mentioned. What would have been useful to see would have been a detailed assessment of the likelihood that QSCP catches have resulted in the decline of species caught (e.g. something along the lines of the work of: Dudley, S., and Simpfendorfer, C. 2006. Population status of 14 shark species caught in the protective gillnets off KwaZulu-Natal beaches, South Africa, 1978-2003. Marine and Freshwater Research 57(2): 225-240.) Information such as this is available for a range of species (both sharks and non-sharks) and a synthesis of these data would be helpful from a decision making perspective." Additional information requested: Can DAF provide us with this level of analysis? If not immediately, how long would such an analysis take? Queensland Government Response: The Queensland Government acknowledges that the Program has impacts on shark species, however, the safety of beach users is considered to be the highest priority. See section 3 for details of the Program’s Scientific Working Group.	The Group decided that George Leigh (Senior Fisheries Scientist, Fisheries Queensland) could be approached to give an account of existing information of relevance to this item (Action Item 1.12).
42.	Issues and comments raised in the submissions: All species of hammerhead except the great hammerhead are listed as non-target. The great hammerhead is equally unlikely to attack humans as the other species (although it does reach a larger size). The non-target species list includes the bronze whaler- a large species of whaler that has been implicated in attacks on humans, while it does not include whaler species such as the blacktip reef shark and spot tail shark that grow too much smaller sizes and have not been associated with attacks on humans. Additional information requested: DAF to provide the analysis undertaken for the list of non-target shark species and address concerns re: great hammerhead and bronze whaler. Queensland Government Response: An assessment of all shark species caught in the Program was undertaken in 2014 by shark experts from DAF, GBRMPA and James Cook University with additional input received from New South Wales Department of Primary Industries. The aim of the assessment was to categorise shark species found in Queensland as either dangerous or non-dangerous. During the assessment it was determined that the Great Hammerhead would remain on the target species list due to its large size and recorded fatalities in Australia linked to hammerhead sharks. The blacktip reef shark has been known to be aggressive towards humans and has been responsible for bites in the past so remains on the target species list (Last and Stevens, 2009). The Spot-tail shark is included on the list of non-dangerous sharks. The bronze whaler shark is not known to occur in Queensland (Last and Stevens, 2009). Historical attacks in Queensland associated with this species are likely to be a misidentification. The categorisation of this species is under review.	The group agreed that the list of non-dangerous sharks should be reviewed as a priority (out of session). In conducting this assessment, consideration must be given to which marine user groups we are protecting e.g. swimmers, surfers, spearfishers. Clarification of how shark size is included in this assessment is required. This needs to be clarified prior to the assessment (Action Item 1.13).
43.	Issues and comments raised in the submissions: "With over 200-400 tiger sharks killed per year- are we sure there is no long-term effect?" Additional information requested: DAF to comment. Queensland Government Response: Holmes et al. (2012) reported declining trends in annual catch rates of the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) in Queensland, Australia. The report presented an analysis of the distribution of 4757 Galeocerdo cuvier caught in surface nets and on drumlines across 9 of the 10 locations of the Queensland Shark Control Program (QSCP) between 1993 and 2010. Standardised catch rates showed a significant decline (p < 0.0001) in southern Queensland locations for both gear types, which contrasts with studies at other locations where increases in tiger shark catch per unit effort (CPUE) have been reported. Significant temporal declines in the average size of tiger sharks occurred at four of the nine locations analysed (p < 0.05), which may be indicative of fishing reducing abundance in these areas. Given the long term nature of shark control programs along the Australian east coast, effects on local abundance should have been evident many years ago, which suggests that factors other than the effects of shark control programs have also contributed to the decline. While reductions in catch rate are consistent with a decline in tiger shark abundance, this interpretation should be made with caution, as the inter-annual CPUE varies considerably at most locations. Nevertheless, the overall downward trend, particularly in southern Queensland, indicates that current fishing pressures on the species may be unsustainable (Holmes et. al., 2012). This will be discussed and analysed by the SWG as a priority item.	The Group discussed options for analysing Program data relating to tiger shark catch in the Marine Parks. Factors impacting the analysis were discussed. See section 8 of these minutes for information about research priorities.
45.	Issues and comments raised in the submissions: A risk assessment conducted in one submission using the GBRMPA EAM Risk Management Framework 2009 assessed the QSCP in relation to marine life (consequence as minor to moderate, likelihood as possible to likely) an overall risk level of medium to high. In relation to human life (consequence as minor (in terms of number), likelihood as unlikely) an overall risk level of low. Additional information requested: DAF to provide its own risk assessment using the GBRMPA EAM Risk Management Framework 2009 (as per number 7 in this table). Queensland Government Response: This information is noted, however, the Queensland Government’s position is that protection of human life is the first priority. Formal assessment of the risk to marine fauna and human safety may be considered by the Scientific Working Group. A risk assessment was conducted in collaboration with GBRMPA in order to inform the permit assessment.	A risk assessment was conducted in collaboration with GBRMPA in order to inform the permit assessment. The Group noted that the risk assessment should be reviewed periodically as new information becomes available.
47.	Issues and comments raised in the submissions: A number of recommendations are made throughout the submissions: 1. Immediate and permanent removal of the remaining shark nets in use in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park 2. No increase in the number of drumlines 3. Placement of drumlines not allowed in areas protected at other times by stinger nets 4. Use of drumlines restricted to the stinger free swimming season 5. A phase out of drumlines over the next 5 years 6. Greater oversight of contractors to ensure adequate reporting and independent observers 7. Use of new electronic devices attached to drumlines to allow immediate notification to contractors that an animal has been hooked. 8. Captured turtles to be brought in for medical review 9. Drum line set-up should ensure that any hooked turtles do not become entangled in lines and unable to reach the surface to breath. 10. An expert panel should be established to implement the phase out of lethal shark culling program, to oversee the study and introduction of non-lethal monitoring and deterrence programs and to develop extensive community education about shark ecology and reducing risk when swimming and surfing in GBR waters. Additional information requested: How does DAF respond to these recommendations Queensland Government Response: The Shark Control Program at Mackay currently operates within the GBRMP 2 nets and 6 drumlines servicing Bucasia Beach; Blacks is serviced by 6 drumlines and Eimeo Beach is serviced by a net between April and September however is replaced by 6 drumlines during the annual turtle season running from October through to March. Due to ongoing bycatch and fouling issues associated with program nets servicing Bucasia and Eimeo Beaches, it is intended the Eimeo Beach net is permanently removed with 6 drumlines to be deployed all year round, the nets at Bucasia Beach are permanently removed and replaced with 6 drumlines. 2. See 33. Regarding numbers of apparatus associated with the application. 3 & 4. Enclosures may not protect all beach users and this must be considered when assessing appropriate control measures. 5. See section 4 for information about the current status and monitoring of alternative technologies. Formal assessment of alternative technologies may be considered by the Scientific Working Group 6. Compliance with contract conditions is monitored by the QBFP via at sea inspections with or without the contractor and covert land-based inspections. The QBFP conducts investigations into allegations of interference with Program apparatus. 7. See section 4 for information about the current status and monitoring of alternative technologies. 8. Captured turtles are released alive if possible. Injured turtles are brought to shore for medical treatment where possible. Contractors have received training in turtle handling techniques and injury assessment by Sea World staff. 9. The current drum line configuration results in a low capture rate of turtles and a low mortality rate for incidentally captured turtles. 10. See section 3 for details of the Program’s Scientific Working Group. See section 4 for information about the current status and monitoring of alternative technologies.	All nets have now been removed from the Marine Parks. The number of drumlines in the Marine Parks has not increased. The Group will give further consideration to this issue (see also issue number 35). The Group will give further consideration to this issue (see also issue number 35). The Group will monitor the development of non-lethal technologies. In addition to the Queensland Government response it was noted that Contractors now use iPads to record gear services which provides additional verification. The Group discussed the requirement to monitor NSW trials of SMART drumlines and the potential for trial in Queensland. The group discussed the potential to trial hook timers to determine what time of day sharks are being captured. See section 8 of these minutes regarding the proposed assessment of non-lethal alternatives.
48.	Issues and comments raised in the submissions: “The trials and systematic removal of drumlines coupled with monitoring and replacement with non-lethal methods should be based on a thorough review of all drum line locations". Additional information requested: Would DAF consider such a trial and review of the Program? If so, over what timeframe? Queensland Government Response: See Section 4 for details of the current status of alternative methods for prevention of shark attack. Formal assessment of alternative technologies may be considered by the Scientific Working Group	See response to Issue Number 32. SLSQ can provide beach user statistics. To be discussed at the next meeting in relation to current locations of apparatus (Action Item 1.14). See section 8 of these minutes regarding the proposed assessment of non-lethal alternatives.

The QSCP shark catch (assuming average weight of 100kg per shark).

Year	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
Comm. Catch (Tonne)	719	665	733	729	403	220	201	161	151	137
QSCP Catch (Tonne)	36	31	35	35	37	39	45	52	44	40

7. Research Priorities / Strategy

The Group discussed the development of a set of research priorities. A comprehensive Research Strategy would be appropriate noting the following points:

• The strategy should identify research priorities with consideration given to research that supports the immediate operational needs of the Program versus broader/more general research.
• The strategy should acknowledge that research may be conducted by DAF or external bodies with opportunities for collaboration.
• The strategy should clearly articulate the support that DAF may be able to provide e.g. funding, in-kind support such as access to boats, provision of samples. Agreements relating to funding and what DAF requires in return e.g. data, publications/reports need to be clearly articulated and formalised.
• It was also noted that the strategy may be used to support research applications to external funding bodies in justifying the need for the research.
• The group should investigate whether New South Wales and South Africa have research strategies and/or priorities (Action Item 1.15).
• Research conducted must be appropriately permitted e.g. Marine Parks, General Fisheries Permits.
• Consideration should be given to whether Program research can inform management of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park e.g. species assessments.
• Given the level of expertise within the Group a preliminary list of research priorities was discussed which included:
  • Non-lethal alternatives. The group agreed that monitoring the development of non-lethal alternatives and conducting trials of technologies that had been sufficiently developed beyond proof of concept should be a priority (refer also to permit condition number 37). Continued monitoring of research conducted by other jurisdictions involved in trials (e.g. SMART drumline trials in NSW) should also be a priority. Applicability in varying environmental conditions needs to be considered e.g. low energy versus high energy beaches;
  • Non-target species reduction strategies (refer permit condition number 37);
  • Monitoring the use of stingray as bait and particularly the effect on catch composition of target and non-target species;
  • Evaluating the catch of tiger sharks in the Marine Parks and the potential impact on the sustainability of tiger shark populations;
  • Monitoring the impact of removal of nets and replacement with drumlines;
  • Increasing the effectiveness of the Program and committing to continuous improvement e.g. circle hooks; and
  • Establishment of a DNA library of all sharks caught in the Program. It was noted that this could be achieved at a low cost. Genetic techniques are getting stronger and would potentially provide good information about stock structure and species identification.
• The strategy should be published on the DAF webpage.

8. Arising Issues

Conservation Status of Hammerhead Sharks

The group discussed the current conservation status of hammerhead sharks. It was agreed that it would be useful to analyse and document the history of hammerhead sharks taken in the program, with consideration given to apparatus changes, and particularly the reduction of nets in the Program through time (Action Item 1.16).

9. General Discussion

No further issues were raised by the group.

10. Next meeting

Proposed date for the next meeting: Friday 23 February.

The Chair closed the meeting at 2:00pm.

Action Summary

Action No.	Action	Person responsible
1.1	Invitation to join the Group be extended to LMAC Townsville (possibly Adam Smith) and Matthew Broadhurst (NSW Fisheries)	Mark Doohan
1.2	A list of stingray species used as bait in the program to be provided to the Group	Jeff Krause
1.3	Literature on take of turtles on circle hooks to be provided	Colin Simpfendorfer
1.4	Published scientific papers on Bull Shark migration to be provided	Colin Simpfendorfer
1.5	An update on the Program funded project on Scalloped Hammerhead Sharks to be presented at the next meeting	Jeff Krause
1.6	Safety publications by other agencies to be provided	Tracey Scott-Holland
1.7	Methodology for assessing non-lethal technologies to be developed and distributed along with Cardno report.	Jeff Krause Tracey Scott-Holland
1.8	Prepare data analysis of shark catch during and outside of the stinger season	Jeff Krause Wayne Sumpton Matthew Campbell
1.9	SLSQ to provide data on incidence of marine stings reported outside of stinger nets during stinger season	Russell Blanchard
1.10	A list of non-target species taken and capture locations to be provided	Jeff Krause
1.11	DAF to investigate whether more detailed data is available in relation to ECIFF catch by species	Wayne Sumpton Matthew Campbell
1.12	Invite George Leigh to provide an update of available data	Jeff Krause
1.13	Review the non-dangerous shark species list – out of session and prior to the next meeting. Jeff Krause to facilitate in association with Rean Gilbert, Colin Simpfendorfer, Richard Fitzpatrick, Matthew Campbell and Wayne Sumpton.	Jeff Krause Tracey Scott-Holland
1.14	SLSQ to provide beach user statistics for the Marine Parks	Russell Blanchard
1.15	Investigate whether New South Wales and South Africa have a research strategy and/or priorities.	Jeff Krause
1.16	Analyse and document the history of hammerhead sharks taken in the program.	Wayne Sumpton Matthew Campbell Tracey Scott-Holland